Abstract
The modified sago frond waste (PSM) using the Fast Microwave-Assisted Acid method, which has several characteristic changes, was tested to determine its adsorption ability to a cationic textile dye. PSM samples as adsorbents have variations in the modification of oxalic acid addition at 0; 1,5; 3,0 and 4,5% (w/v) were used for the adsorption of Methylene Blue (MB) dye on several parameters. This study was conducted to determine the adsorption kinetics through the effect of the ratio of the adsorbent and the contact time and the acid variation of the adsorbent as additional variables. Optimum MB absorption was obtained at a ratio of 0,6 g/L and a contact time of 120 minutes. The data results were analyzed using four general kinetic models: pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order, intra-particle diffusion, and Elovich equation. Adsorption followed the pseudo-second-order reaction rate with a coefficient of determination (R2) 0.9996-0.9999 in all variations of PSM. The theoretical adsorption capacity was 25.58 to 27.32 mg/g, and the effect of increasing acid on PSM increased the adsorption and absorption capacity of MB. Keywords: sago frond waste, adsorption, kinetic models, methylene blue.
Highlights
The continuous development of the industry has led to a massive increase in the release of excess synthetic dyestuffs into water sources
Samples of sago frond with variations in oxalic acid (0; 1.5; 3.0 and 4.5%) were irradiated by microwave at 450 W for 10 minutes. This pretreatment method has been used in previous studies, where the lignocellulosic structure was crushed to release cellulose and remove hemicellulose and lignin components (Tirani et al, 2021)
The modified adsorbent was used for the Methylene Blue (MB) adsorption test by taking into account the adsorption capacity and percent absorption of MB, which was calculated through the following equation: qe = (C0−mCe)×V (1)
Summary
The continuous development of the industry has led to a massive increase in the release of excess synthetic dyestuffs into water sources. According to Mittal et al (2010), Saleh and Gupta (2014), and Anwar and Mulyadi (2015), more than 15% of synthetic dyestuffs are lost or separated during the manufacturing and operational processes as industrial waste. Many industries waste contains dyes as a by-product of the process. This dye is present as a pollutant that is difficult to degrade naturally, has a high level of toxicity, and is carcinogenic (Oladipo et al, 2014). Industries that produce plastics, cosmetics, rubber, printing, leather, pharmaceuticals, food, and textiles are the most dominant industries that produce dye waste during their operations (Mittal et al, 2009). Removing or reducing synthetic dyes as contaminants in wastewater is of particular concern (Malik et al, 2007, Balarak et al, 2015)
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