Abstract
Frangipani flower (Plumeria acuminata) and bitter grape (Tinospora crispa L. Miers) stem extract alone shows antimicrobial and antioxidant activities. However, there is a limited report about the actions from the combination of both extracts. Combinations of ethanol extract of white frangipani flower (EFF) and ethanol extract of the bitter grape stem (EBS), each of 0, 1, 2, and 3% were tested for inhibition against Staphylococcus aureus growth and DPPH (1,1-diphenyl,2-picrylhydrazyl) free radicals. A yield of 3.17 and 2.62 g of EFF and EBS, respectively, were resulted from 100 g of dried powdered of the white frangipani flower and bitter grape stem using 200 mL of absolute ethanol. The antimicrobial test was assayed using a 10% stock solution of extract diluted in water. The combination of EFF and EBS showed a synergistic effect on antimicrobial activity, but it proved an antagonistic effect on antioxidant activity. The combination of EFF 3% and EBS 3% showed the highest inhibition index on the S. aureus growth , i.e. 2.02±0.06, which is higher than the inhibition index of Amoxycillin 2%, i.e. 1.85±0.09. The highest antioxidant activity showed by 1% EFF alone (57.5 ± 0.60%), while the lowest was from the combination of EFF 1% and EBS 3% (23.4±0.30%).
Highlights
Frangipani (Plumeria sp.) or commonly known as Kamboja in Indonesia (Fig. 1a) is a small lactiferous tree or shrub originated from tropical America [1], which is broadly grown in tropical countries, including in South-East Asia region
Absolute ethanol was provided by Smart-Lab, 1,1 diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH, Merck, Nutrient Agar (NA, Oxoid) and Nutrient broth (NB, Oxoid), and Staphylococcus aureus pure culture was obtained from Microbiology Laboratory of Department of Agricultural Products Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Mulawarman University
The first factor was the concentration of ethanol extract of frangipani flower (EFF), and the second factor was ethanol extract of the bitter grape stem (EBS)
Summary
Frangipani (Plumeria sp.) or commonly known as Kamboja in Indonesia (Fig. 1a) is a small lactiferous tree or shrub originated from tropical America [1], which is broadly grown in tropical countries, including in South-East Asia region. The well-known Frangipani types are P. obtusa, P. acuminata, P. rubra, P. alba, P. lancifolea, P. drastic and P. phagidenica [2, 3]. The frangipani flower shows an inhibition on microbial growth. The P. alba flower showed inhibition on Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Proteus vulgaris, Serratia marcescens, Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes growth [4,5,6], as well as on the growth of tooth plaque bacteria (Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans) [7]. Ethanol extract of frangipani flower show antioxidant activity [8]
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