Abstract
A lower external temperature increases comfort and reduces the chance of heat stress; it can be impacted by the density of the urban area, and this is an important issue for the residents in housing estate developments. Therefore, to sustainably reduce this issue, the external temperature is important to manage for urban public spaces’ development. This article reports the results of studies on increasing thermal comfort in public areas by adding different types of shading into computer programs, Rhinoceros and Grasshopper, to calculate the Universal Thermal Comfort Index (UTCI). Increasing the outdoor comfort can be done by adding shaded areas via large trees that can result in thermal reduction and humidity increase, but they do not obstruct air circulation. The result can be used as a guideline for the design of public spaces in housing estates to meet the outdoor comfort efficiently and support the users’ expectations.
Highlights
Outdoor thermal comfort is related to three key variables
One of the outdoor thermal comfort indicators that are key in several research articles is the Universal Thermal Climate Index (UTCI) (Silva & Hirashima, 2021; Wang & Yi, 2021), which focuses on the presentation of the environment’s temperature in a balanced state and how humans can feel at that time, but excludes personal details, and it is based on meteorological data (Blazejczyk et al, 2011; Bröde et al, 2013)
From the results presented above, the efficiency of the shade type in each case can be analyzed from the ratio of the ΔUTCI to the increase in the color space (°C/m2), with the details of the three cases as follows: 1. Case-1: An increase of 598.71 m2 in tree shade has a result in the ratio of ΔUTCI per increased shade area between 9:00-11:00, 13:00-15:00 and 16:00-18:00 as 4.68 x 10-4,4.68 x 10-4, and 3.34 x 10-4 °C/m2, respectively
Summary
Outdoor thermal comfort is related to three key variables. Air temperature (Ta) is the first thermal comfort variable, which can change due to the season. Outdoor well-being is very important in the grand real estate designing and developing process since it is a support in having a convenient outside lifestyle for the residencies It helps provide social interaction and create a way to have health care activities. To be suitable to specify design details and reduce future problems, this study has evaluated the effect of shade on outdoor conditions by using two computer programs, Rhinoceros and Grasshopper, which have been used widely in previous publications in a wide range of international academic journals (Naboni et al, 2017; Nakano et al, 2015; Rakha & Reinhart, 2012), and this could be used to encourage design that is more environmentally friendly. The paper is structured in three sections: (1) methodology; (2) results and discussion; and (3) conclusions
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