Study of Two Constraints Impacting Measurements of Human Glycemia Using a Microwave Sensor.

Mohamed Amine Zidane,Hichem Amar,Amar Rouane

doi:10.3390/bios11030083

Abstract

The measurement of glycemia is impacted by several constraints; those constraints have to be identified and quantified when designing an electromagnetic noninvasive sensor. The second phase concerns the level of the influence of these constraints. In this work, we investigated the impact of vein radius located in the forearm on a resonant microwave sensor to measure glycemia. We performed a numerical simulation using COMSOL Multiphysics of a proposed tissue model that was in contact with a microwave resonator. Some other factors affect the measurement, such as temperature, perfusion, sensor positioning and motion, tissue heterogeneity, and other biological activity. The sensor must be robust to the above-mentioned constraints. Because vein size changes from one person to another, the dielectric properties seen by the sensor will be different. This has been demonstrated by the change created in the resonance frequency of the simulated sensor for different vein sizes. The second constraint that was assessed is the dosimetry. The specific absorption rate (SAR) of any electromagnetic device should be evaluated and compared with SAR limits in the safety standards to ensure the safety of the user. Simulation results are in good agreement with SAR limits in the safety standards.

Highlights

Diabetes is a worldwide issue that affects millions of people; it is a chronic disease that appears when the pancreas ceases to produce enough insulin, which is a hormone used for regulating blood glucose in the body
The near-infrared spectroscopy sensor for glucose monitoring in serum is studied [17]; another sensor that uses Raman spectroscopy is developed in [18]; Freedom Meditech developed a sensor based on measurement of lens autofluorescence, which can distinguish subjects with diabetes from those without [19,20]; Biovotion AG uses impedance spectroscopy combined with an optical technique [21,22]
The vein radius was changed from 2.3 to 2.6 mm to study its impact on the resonance frequency based on the transmission parameter S21; we introduced a small variation into the blood permittivity by a step of 0.3 to simulate three different concentrations of blood glucose

Summary

Introduction

Diabetes is a worldwide issue that affects millions of people; it is a chronic disease that appears when the pancreas ceases to produce enough insulin, which is a hormone used for regulating blood glucose in the body. The near-infrared spectroscopy sensor for glucose monitoring in serum is studied [17]; another sensor that uses Raman spectroscopy is developed in [18]; Freedom Meditech developed a sensor based on measurement of lens autofluorescence, which can distinguish subjects with diabetes from those without [19,20]; Biovotion AG uses impedance spectroscopy combined with an optical technique [21,22]. Despite all of these manufactured products, not one has been marketed and sold

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Conclusion