Abstract
AbstractKaranja is a medium sized evergreen tree which has minor economic importance in India. The nonedible seed kernel contains 27–30% oil that is used for biodiesel production, leaving the remaining nonedible seed cake as a waste product. The aim of the present work was to obtain kinetic parameters in relation to technological parameters in nonedible seed cake biomass pyrolysis conversion process to bio‐oil and biochar. Effects of heating rate on karanja seed cake slow pyrolysis behavior and kinetic parameters were investigated at heating rates of 5, 10, and 20°C/min using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Thermogravimetric experiments showed the onset and offset temperatures of the devolatilization step shifted toward the high‐temperature range, and the activation energy values increased with increasing heating rate. In the present study, isoconversional method was applied for the pyrolysis of karanja seed cake biomass byTGAand the activation energies (118–124 kJ/mol) and the pre‐exponential factors obtained using progressive conversion. Proximate–ultimate analyses, energy value, surface structure, and Fourier transform infrared spectra of the biomass processed under conditions were reported. The pyrolysis resulted in upgradation of the energy value of seed cake biomass from 18.1 to 24.5 MJ/kg; importantly with high carbon and low oxygen contents. The approach represents a novel method for the upgrading of karanja seed cake that has significant commercial potential.
Highlights
With the growing concerns about fossil fuel exhaustion and environmental problems such as global warming, efforts are underway to decrease CO2 emission rates and to develop alternative energies which substitute for limited fossil fuels
The thermal behavior of karanja seed cake in the temperature range 26 ± 2°C to 800°C was studied at three different heating rates
The complete pyrolysis reaction proceeds with an initial dehydration step followed by decomposition of protein, hemicellulose, cellulose, and lignin [17]
Summary
With the growing concerns about fossil fuel exhaustion and environmental problems such as global warming, efforts are underway to decrease CO2 emission rates and to develop alternative energies which substitute for limited fossil fuels. Biodegradable nontoxic biomass having low emission profiles compared to petroleum-based fuels (petrol and diesel) is widely recognizing as a potential energy source. Biomass pyrolysis is a thermal decomposition of biomass taking place in the absence of oxidizing agent with products biochar, bio-oil, and gases such as carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, hydrogen, and methane. Bio-oil, known as pyrolytic oil, can be upgraded to light hydrocarbons which contain low levels of aromatics with the absence of sulfur compared to petroleum-based fuels. On the other hand, is an ecofriendly carbon-rich product from the pyrolysis of renewable feedstocks like nonedible seed cakes after the extraction of oil and has been widely used in agriculture as a soil amendment and for improving soil fertility due to its carbon sequestration ability [1]. Biochar has been used as an adsorbent in the removal of arsenic [5], cadmium [6], and chromium from aqueous solutions
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