Abstract
Cellulose and chitin are the most abundant polymeric materials in nature, capable of replacing conventional synthetic polymers. From them, cellulose nano/microfibers (CNFs/CMFs) and chitosan are obtained. Both polymers have been used separately in graft copolymerization but there are not many studies on the use of cellulose and chitosan together as copolymers and the reaction mechanism is unknown. In this work, the reaction mechanism to produce nano/microcellulose-graft-chitosan polymer has been studied. Recycled cellulose pulp was used, with and without a 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-1-oxyl-radical (TEMPO)-mediated oxidation pretreatment, to produce CNFs and CMFs, respectively. For chitosan, a low-molecular weight product dissolved in an acetic acid solution was prepared. Grafted polymers were synthesized using a microwave digester. Results showed that TEMPO-mediated oxidation as the cellulose pretreatment is a key factor to obtain the grafted polymer CNF-g-CH. A reaction mechanism has been proposed where the amino group of chitosan attacks the carboxylic group of oxidized cellulose, since non-oxidized CMFs do not achieve the desired grafting. 13C NMR spectra, elemental analysis and SEM images validated the proposed mechanism. Finally, CNF-g-CH was used as a promising material to remove water-based inks and dyes from wastewater.
Highlights
In recent years, intense efforts have been made to produce new eco-friendly polymeric materials from renewable sources, more biodegradable, biocompatible and capable to replace conventional synthetic polymers [1,2,3]
Arsad et al have published the use of a nanocellulose-graft-chitosan (CNF-g-CH) polymer for the removal of ethyl orange dye from wastewater [18,37]
Recycled cellulose pulp was used as the raw material without any pretreatment, to produce cellulose microfibers (CMFs); and with a NaClO/NaBr/2,2,6,6tetramethylpiperidin-1-oxyl-radical (TEMPO)-mediated oxidation pretreatment, to obtain Cellulose nanofibers (CNFs)
Summary
Intense efforts have been made to produce new eco-friendly polymeric materials from renewable sources, more biodegradable, biocompatible and capable to replace conventional synthetic polymers [1,2,3]. Roy et al and Kang et al [10,29] reviewed several grafting processes involving cellulose matrices and different monomers and polymers They concluded that the most commonly used route employs monomers with double carbon bonds via radical polymerization. Arsad et al have published the use of a nanocellulose-graft-chitosan (CNF-g-CH) polymer for the removal of ethyl orange dye from wastewater [18,37] They used a methodology based on Ghosh et al [38] grafting a polysaccharide, similar to cellulose, and a polyacrylamide. Recycled cellulose pulp was used as the raw material without any pretreatment, to produce CMFs; and with a NaClO/NaBr/2,2,6,6tetramethylpiperidin-1-oxyl-radical (TEMPO)-mediated oxidation pretreatment, to obtain CNFs. a promising application of the new polymer was proved to remove water-based inks (copper phthalocyanine blue and carbon black pigments) and dyes (methyl orange) from wastewater as an alternative to use separately CNFs and CH
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