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Abstract
Abstract. The flowering heads of calendula have a significant content of biologically active substances (BAS) with a wide range of pharmacological activities. Traditional methods for obtaining their aqueous extracts include maceration or percolation. However, these methods have significant drawbacks. The rational choice of equipment and the study of the influence of thermophysical conditions on the extraction process of specific plant raw materials to intensify mass transfer processes are relevant. The aim of the study is to investigate the transition of solid substances of calendula flowers into a soluble state in a flow cavitation mixer of a static type to intensify mass transfer processes in obtaining aqueous extracts. For the research, previously ground dry calendula flower heads, swollen in distilled water at a hydro module of 1:15 and reduced to 0,1-2 mm, were used. The work was carried out on an experimental cavitation mixer of the Venturi tube type with a variable cavitation reactor with a nozzle throat diameter ranging from 0,006 m to 0,12 m. The efficiency of extraction was determined by the amount of water-soluble substances, and the cavitation phenomenon was characterized by the cavitation number. Results: The overall design of the cavitation apparatus, the profile and geometric parameters of the nozzle, the flow parameters, as well as the properties of the plant material, significantly affect the hydrodynamic conditions and the development of cavitation effects during processing. The Venturi-type flow cavitation mixer used in the research showed high efficiency in processing mass transfer processes during the extraction of a water suspension of calendula flower heads. The results obtained indicate that the most significant impact of cavitation effects is observed at nozzle throat diameters of 0,08 m and 0,10 m, with cavitation numbers χ = 0,53 and χ = 0,84, respectively. In this case, the process duration can be limited to 60 seconds. The obtained conclusions are confirmed by microstructure studies.
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