Abstract
The properties and performance of geopolymer at different length scales have been intensively studied, but only limited studies on geopolymer have investigated the zone located between paste and aggregates, which is called the interfacial transition zone (ITZ). The microstructure of ITZ and its nanomechanical properties in geopolymer concrete are examined in this study. Fly ash-based geopolymer has great potential to be an alternative to traditional concrete. To this end, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and nanoindentation tests were performed to investigate the microstructural characteristics and nanomechanical properties of the ITZ, and the results were compared with the ITZ of traditional concrete. Results show that traditional concrete demonstrated a weak ITZ with pores and microcracks, while the geopolymer concrete microstructure did not present weak ITZs in the vicinity of aggregates. More pores and crack were observed in the ITZ in traditional concrete. Further, a considerable amount of fly ash particles, that appear to be unreacted or partially reacted in the matrix phase, was observed. Based on the nanoindentation results, 58% of the microstructure is composed of unreacted or partially reacted fly ash particles. The results of nano- and microscale tests will enhance the understanding of how concrete behaves and performs at large scales.
Highlights
The macroscale properties of a composite is greatly influenced by its interfaces
Aggressive agents can penetrate into the concrete body via porous interfacial transition zone (ITZ), which could lead to a large reduction in the mechanical properties and durability of concrete [1,8]
The ITZ is the weakest zone in the concrete, which makes it important, because the overall composite performance greatly depends on this zone [5,9]
Summary
The interfacial transition zone (ITZ), which is known as the most important interface in concrete, is located between cement paste and aggregate in traditional concrete [1,2]. In the vicinity of each aggregate, the formation of ITZ takes place with a thickness of up to 50 μm [3]. In this zone, a higher amount of calcium hydroxide (CH) and ettringite can be found [4]. The ITZ is the weakest zone in the concrete, which makes it important, because the overall composite performance greatly depends on this zone [5,9]
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