Abstract
Abstract. Photogrammetric and Lidar datasets should be in the same mapping or geodetic frame to be used simultaneously in an engineering project. Nowadays direct sensor orientation is a common procedure used in simultaneous photogrammetric and Lidar surveys. Although the direct sensor orientation technologies provide a high degree of automation process due to the GNSS/INS technologies, the accuracies of the results obtained from the photogrammetric and Lidar surveys are dependent on the quality of a group of parameters that models accurately the user conditions of the system at the moment the job is performed. This paper shows the study that was performed to verify the importance of the in situ camera calibration and Integrated Sensor Orientation without control points to increase the accuracies of the photogrammetric and LIDAR datasets integration. The horizontal and vertical accuracies of photogrammetric and Lidar datasets integration by photogrammetric procedure improved significantly when the Integrated Sensor Orientation (ISO) approach was performed using Interior Orientation Parameter (IOP) values estimated from the in situ camera calibration. The horizontal and vertical accuracies, estimated by the Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) of the 3D discrepancies from the Lidar check points, increased around of 37% and 198% respectively.
Highlights
An important prerequisite for using the photogrammetric and Lidar datasets simultaneously is having both data in the same mapping or geodetic frame
The direct sensor orientation technologies provide a high degree of automation process due to the GNSS/INS technologies, the accuracies of the obtained results from the photogrammetric and Lidar surveys are dependent on the quality of a group of parameters that models accurately the user conditions of the system at the moment the job is performed
Considering the aforementioned, this paper shows the study that was performed to verify the importance of the in situ camera calibration and Integrated Sensor Orientation to increase the accuracies of the photogrammetric and LIDAR datasets integration
Summary
An important prerequisite for using the photogrammetric and Lidar datasets simultaneously is having both data in the same mapping or geodetic frame. Indirect georeferencing uses a conventional bundle adjustment and Lidar data as a control of position information. For this approach, methods to extract geometric primitives, such as points, lines and areas, are required because the Lidar point cloud does not directly mapping these geometric features. Nowadays direct sensor orientation is a common procedure used in simultaneous photogrammetric and Lidar surveys This procedure can automatically acquire the LIDAR and imagery data sets in the same geodetic or mapping frame. The photogrammetric system calibration is performed independently of the LIDAR system calibration and direct georeferencing of images depends on the local flight conditions, for example, temperature and atmospheric pressure variability may modify the relative position and orientation of the camera relative to IMU (Kersting, 2011). The atmospheric refraction may modify the collinearity condition of the light ray in its trajectory between object and image spaces (Andrade 1977)
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