Abstract
This article refers to viewing the role of molecular markers during analyzing the genome of plants and their importance in plant biotechnology. In recent years, we observed the role of molecular techniques in programs for improving plant breeding and preserving genetic resources has been observed, and molecular and biochemical indicators which represent basic material through determining the diversity between genotypes for indicators it is never affected by external surrounding conditions as always in the phenotype features. Molecular markers of DNA have been widely applied to answer a range of questions related to taxonomy, molecular evolution, population genetics, and genetic diversity, as well as monitoring trade in plants and food products , in addition to its having a role in studying gene expression , genetic mapping, and studies of species evolution providing fast and accurate results. In this work, the advantages and limitations of the molecular techniques applied in plant sciences such as: RAPD (Random Amplification Polymorphic DNA Marker); ISSR (Inter Simple Sequence Repeat Marker); SSR (Simple Sequence Repeat Marker); AFLP (Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphic Marker); RFLP (Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism Marker); SNP (Single Nucleotide Polymorphism) and Real Time PCR.
Highlights
Molecular markers are considered one of the very accurate methods as they are used in human studies in the field of forensic genetics applications providing highly controlled information [1]
Markers need to have modifications leading to the second generation of molecular techniques such as: Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA; Inter Simple Sequence Repeats; Simple Sequence Repeats; Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism; Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism; Single Nucleotide Polymorphism; Real Time Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
Restriction fragment length polymorphism, variable numbers of tandem repeat markers based on restriction hybridization technique, polymorphisms in DNA fragments diagnosed due to probe chemically with DNA labeled using southern blot method when DNA analyzed by restriction endonuclease enzymes lead to the formation of various DNA fragments corresponding to the goal regions of the enzyme in their size
Summary
Molecular markers are considered one of the very accurate methods as they are used in human studies in the field of forensic genetics applications providing highly controlled information [1]. These techniques are used to amplify the genetic material in vitro using the polymerase chain reaction technique because it causes link indicators with genetic material, the tools permit to diagnose polymorphisms in DNA sequences that amplified at various weights according to the type of marker used. Markers need to have modifications leading to the second generation of molecular techniques such as: Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA; Inter Simple Sequence Repeats; Simple Sequence Repeats; Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism; Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism; Single Nucleotide Polymorphism; Real Time PCR. These markers with their advantages and limitations are documented in this work [3]
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