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Abstract
The sand dunes in Baiji area causing many problems, such as accumulation of the moved sand on the railway, roads, sand and dust storms which affect and causes pollution for civil constructions and industries in the area, as well as, increasing desertification. This study aims to explain the morphology, origin, grain size and movement of the sand dunes in Baiji area. The study including detail field study of the sand dunes and investigation of the future effect of extension and increasing the desertification in the area within time Using of remote sensing and geographical information system in the study of desertification by Multitemporal data which including(maps and Landsat Thematic Mapper(TM)images)provided best understanding of the distribution of sand dunes and other aeolian features in the area of study.
Highlights
Bajji city is located south of Makhul mountain and west of Tigris River and bordered by wadi Tharthar on the west (Fig.1)
From the present study of the sand dunes it is concluded changes in sand dunes areas due to the following reasons: 1. From the comparism between the Landsat image (2007) and the topographic maps,it found that the sand dunes in Baiji area increased during the last two decades years because of arid condition and heavy uses of earth for agriculture
The active belt of sand dunes located in the North West and west of Baiji with different morphological types such Burchan, Transverse, Sief and isolated dunes
Summary
Bajji city is located south of Makhul mountain and west of Tigris River and bordered by wadi Tharthar on the west (Fig.). The sand dunes in Baiji area covered about (220)Km2 to the north and west, and extended to the south of the city. Most of the sand derived from the older formations such as Injana Formation (mainly contained from Sandstone) and Quaternary fans and terraces (mainly composed from fluvial, alluvial, sandy gravel deposits) Desertification considered on main factors in destruction of agriculture area and desertification was defined by (U.N.of Environment,1992) as a soil degradation in continuous processes caused by climatologically and human being activities(Walker,2007) .Sand movement by wind is a complex process involving several styles of grain movement that occur more or less simultaneously (Bagnold,1941 in Walker,2007).The process of movement of sand is saltation, (Fig.2), surface creep is the jerky forward movement of larger grains that are too heavy to be lifted by the wind, but are jolted forward when struck by smaller flying grains and the third manner in which smaller sizes of sand moves is by suspension.Suspended grains are so smaller that they are carried for which are thrown in to the air for long distance.One of the reasons dune sand is so well sorted is the narrow size range(2-3Φ)of sand that wind can move under most conditions. Most of the sand derived from the older formations such as Injana Formation (mainly contained from Sandstone) and Quaternary fans and terraces (mainly composed from fluvial, alluvial, sandy gravel deposits) Desertification considered on main factors in destruction of agriculture area and desertification was defined by (U.N.of Environment,1992) as a soil degradation in continuous processes caused by climatologically and human being activities(Walker,2007) .Sand movement by wind is a complex process involving several styles of grain movement that occur more or less simultaneously (Bagnold,1941 in Walker,2007).The process of movement of sand is saltation, (Fig.2), surface creep is the jerky forward movement of larger grains that are too heavy to be lifted by the wind, but are jolted forward when struck by smaller flying grains and the third manner in which smaller sizes of sand moves is by suspension.Suspended grains are so smaller that they are carried for which are thrown in to the air for long distance.One of the reasons dune sand is so well sorted is the narrow size range(2-3Φ)of sand that wind can move under most conditions. (Bill&Phillips,2007).
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