Abstract
The hybrid propulsion system is a vehicle propulsion system with two or more sources of propulsion such as diesel, batteries, and other renewable energy. The use of hybrid propulsion systems is not new, and they have been adopted worldwide. There are many applications for hybrid propulsion systems, from powering land-based vehicles to marine vessels. With the success of hybrid propulsion systems, many large vessels still rely on two-stroke engines for power generation. In this paper, the benefits and feasibility of using battery systems or hybridizing existing conventional two-stroke engines onboard large intercontinental vessels is studied and simulated. The merchant ship, a bulk carrier with 82,000 deadweight tonnage capacity, is used. The model vessel travels along a simulated route of up to 4000 nautical miles using weather routing software to generate data for estimating emissions with the help of widely adopted empirical formulas. A reduction of up to 3.4 tonnes of emissions and fuel consumption of not more than 1 tonne per kWh from peak shaving and boosting applications for a 12-day voyage were observed.
Highlights
For many years, most large intercontinental vessels such as tankers and bulk carriers rely on large slow-running two-stroke engines as their main source of propulsion
We examine the three primary emissions produced by shipping operations, namely, Carbon dioxide (CO2), Sulphur oxides (SOx), and Nitrogen oxides (NOx)
Where BP is the break power, PBME is the break mean effective (BME) pressure (Pa), Ls is the stroke length (m), A is the area of the cylinder (m2), N is the revolution per minute of engine crankshaft, FC is the fuel consumption, Specific fuel oil consumption (SFOC) is the specific fuel oil consumption (g/kWh), and T is the duration of voyage (h)
Summary
Most large intercontinental vessels such as tankers and bulk carriers rely on large slow-running two-stroke engines as their main source of propulsion. Throughout the years, two-stroke engines are constantly being improved, and they are highly optimized for the slow, constant speed operation of large merchant vessels, providing higher thermal efficiency of up to 55% [1]. Due to the increasing global demands for CO2 emission reduction and the implementation of more stringent environmental regulations, the sustainability of the current propulsion technology becomes questionable. Hybrid propulsion technology [3–7] has been adopted onboard smaller vessels, providing opportunities such as fuel saving, emission reduction, and efficiency improvement. As most slow-running two-stroke diesel engines rely on low-grade fuel, the combustion process could produce pollutants such as Sulphur oxides and Nitrogen oxides. This paper first looks at how transient engine operation affects vessel parameters such as efficiency, fuel consumption, and emission generation.
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