Study of Human Orexin-1 and -2 G-Protein-Coupled Receptors with Novel and Published Antagonists by Modeling, Molecular Dynamics Simulations, and Site-Directed Mutagenesis

Abstract

The class A G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) Orexin-1 (OX1) and Orexin-2 (OX2) are located predominantly in the brain and are linked to a range of different physiological functions, including the control of feeding, energy metabolism, modulation of neuro-endocrine function, and regulation of the sleep-wake cycle. Site-directed mutagenesis (SDM) and domain exchange (chimera) studies have provided important insight into key features of the OX1 and OX2 binding sites. However, the precise determinants of antagonist binding and selectivity are still not fully known. In this work, we used homology modeling of OX receptors to direct further SDM studies. These SDM studies were followed by molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to rationalize the full scope of the SDM data and to explain the role of each mutated residue in the binding and selectivity of a set of OX antagonists: Almorexant (dual OX1 and OX2 antagonist), SB-674042 (OX1 selective antagonist), EMPA (OX2 selective antagonist), and others. Our primary interest was focused on transmembrane helix 3 (TM3), which is identified as being of great importance for the selectivity of OX antagonists. These studies revealed conformational differences between the TM3 helices of OX1 and OX2, resulting from differences in amino acid sequences of the OX receptors that affect key interhelical interactions formed between TM3 and neighboring TM domains. The MD simulation protocol used here, which was followed by flexible docking studies, went beyond the use of static models and allowed for a more detailed exploration of the OX structures. In this work, we have demonstrated how even small differences in the amino acid sequences of GPCRs can lead to significant differences in structure, antagonist binding affinity, and selectivity of these receptors. The MD simulations allowed refinement of the OX receptor models to a degree that was not possible with static homology modeling alone and provided a deeper rationalization of the SDM data obtained. To validate these findings and to demonstrate that they can be usefully applied to the design of novel, very selective OX antagonists, we show here two examples of antagonists designed in house: EP-109-0092 (OX1 selective) and EP-009-0513 (OX2 selective).