Abstract
Long-term data on flowering phenology of 9 Campanula L. species were processed using computer modeling. Modified model is proposed to describe flowering of monocarpic shoots with multi-flowered inflorescences taking into account structural inflorescence features and morphogenesis of floral zone. The flowering patterns are determined by degree of inflorescence branching and sequence of flowers opening in them. It is shown that flowering curve for simple inflorescences is unimodal: it has single peak associated with opening of terminal flower and flowers on the 1st order axes. For compound inflorescences two maxima are noted (the second of them is due to opening of flowers on the 2nd order axes), or curve has wavy character. Regression curves describing sequence of flowers opening on the 1 st order axes are different. They are C-shaped if flowering begins in lower third of the inflorescence and then spreads divergently. More often terminal flower opens first, and is accompanied by several flowers in lower third of inflorescence, while next flowers open in divergent way. In this case the regression curves are S-shaped. The proposed model reproduces picture of individual flowering with natural variability, and can be used to describe flowering of various taxa of herbaceous plants with multi-flowered inflorescences.
Highlights
The reproductive success of plants in their seasonal development depends on the synchronization of flowering with environmental conditions that favor fertilization and seed formation
Realistic dynamic 3D models for species with multi-flowered inflorescences can only be obtained by simulating the structure of the floral zone of the shoot and its morphogenesis
We propose an adaptive computer model in which all structural and dynamic dependences are extracted from the data of phenological observations
Summary
The reproductive success of plants in their seasonal development depends on the synchronization of flowering with environmental conditions that favor fertilization and seed formation. The phenology of flowering is determined by physiological factors, but environmental conditions affect the timing and duration of flowering, demanding study at the organismal level [6, 7]. Realistic dynamic 3D models for species with multi-flowered inflorescences can only be obtained by simulating the structure of the floral zone of the shoot and its morphogenesis. We [10] attempted to construct a structural-dynamic model of flowering in several species of the Campanulaceae family. It is based on the shoot metamerism, and the presence of stable relationships between the location of flowers in the inflorescence and their flowering time
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