Study of environmental data from vehicle\u2019s sensors and its aplicability to complement climate mapping from automatic meteorological stations and assess covid-19 impact

The use of meteorological information obtained from the base weather station for conducting forest pathological monitoring in the conditions of nature conservation research departments (PNDV) of the Polissya Nature Reserve is justified. The results of conducting forest pathological monitoring studies of pine stands in the forest vegetation conditions of the Perhansky, Kopyshchansky, Selezivsky PNDVs of the Polissya Nature Reserve are analyzed.The subject of the work is the practical application of an innovative method using meteorological information from a local automatic meteorological station in the conditions of the settlement of Selezivka, for conducting forest pathological monitoring surveys of the sanitary condition of forests in the forest vegetation conditions of the Perhansky, Kopyshchansky, Selezivsky PNDV of the Polissya Nature Reserve, as well as its comparison with the effectiveness of existing methodologies for assessing the pathological condition of forests in the conditions of the Central Polissya zone of Ukraine. Testing and assessment of the representativeness of innovative methodological principles for using meteorological information obtained from the automatic meteorological station of the Polissya Nature Reserve to conduct forest pathological monitoring studies and forecasts of the spread of diseases and the spread of pests in the conditions of the Pergan, Kopyshchan, Seleziv PNDV, assessment of the actual discrepancy of indicators in comparison with the proposed methodology with generally recognized methods for conducting forest pathological surveys for disease and pest damage, as well as further forecasting the forest pathological state of forests using meteorological information to prevent the occurrence and spread of epiphytoses of forest diseases and pests.The aim of the work is to determine the effectiveness of the proposed innovative methodology for conducting forest pathological monitoring using meteorological information from an automatic weather station on the territory of forest uses of the Polissya Nature Reserve; to assess the possibility of using meteorological data obtained from an automatic weather station on the territory of the Polissya Nature Reserve to compile forest pathological and entomological forecasts regarding the likely spread of diseases and pests in the forest vegetation conditions of the Pergan, Kopyshchan, and Seleziv PNDVs; based on the proposed innovative methodology for conducting forest pathological monitoring studies using meteorological data, to provide practical targeted recommendations to both forestry branches and objects of the nature reserve fund of Ukraine regarding the prevention of the occurrence and spread of epiphytoties of diseases and pests, as well as the compilation of forest pathological forecasts for planning preventive measures in the conditions of the Central Polissya zone of Ukraine.The main methods of conducting research to study methodological approaches to predicting forest pathological conditions using meteorological information obtained from an automatic weather station in the conditions of the PNDV of the Polissya Nature Reserve were:1. Calculation and analytical for collecting and processing the results of research to study the effectiveness of the proposed methodology for conducting forest pathological studies using meteorological information from an automatic weather station in the forest vegetation conditions of the Pergansky, Kopyshchansky, Selezivsky PNDVs of the Polissya Nature Reserve, as well as their comparison with generally accepted methods.2. Implementation of general and sub-annual forest pathological monitoring and statistical analysis of the results obtained using existing methodologies for research into the pathological condition of forests in the Central Polissya zone of Ukraine.3. Determination of the representativeness and objectivity of the obtained research results in relation to all objects of the nature reserve fund of the Central Polissya zone of Ukraine, where pine stands dominate.4. Providing practical recommendations to both branches of the State Enterprise "Forests of Ukraine" and objects of the nature reserve fund on the possibility of applying the proposed innovative methodology for determining the forest pathological condition of forests using meteorological data from an automatic weather station, as well as the possibility of creating forecasts of the risks of the occurrence and spread of epiphytoties of diseases and pests in the forest vegetation conditions of the nature reserve fund of Ukraine.According to the results of the work, it was found that meteorological information during forest pathological monitoring provides an assessment of the climatic features of the region, carries out a detailed analysis of weather conditions of individual years and seasons of the year (spring, summer, autumn, winter), provides an objective assessment of the weather situation during critical periods of the life cycle of forest insect pests and the spread of diseases, assesses meteorological phenomena that cause abiotic stress in plants and, through a complex system of biocenotic relationships, modify the number of insects and pathogens in various forest-vegetation conditions. It has been proven that with a large positive anomaly of the sums of active temperatures, quite favorable conditions are created (especially in combination with a deficit of precipitation) for a sharp increase in the number of forest insect pests. The method of forecasting the heat supply of the growing season is based on the relationship between the sums of active temperatures (Σt>t°) and the date of the spring transition of the average daily air temperature through 10°C. Such a methodological approach to forest pathological forecasts makes it possible to establish with a probability of 95% not only the probable area of disease distribution, but also to determine specific types of pests and their threshold of harmfulness in forest edatopes. It was found that the assessment of moisture conditions during the growing season directly affects the course of disease pathogenesis and the spread of pests in the conditions of the PNDV of the Polissya Nature Reserve. The results of the conducted forest pathological studies indicate a significant change in pathological processes under the influence of weather conditions in pine nature reserve forests of the Central Polissya zone of Ukraine.The scope of application of the results of the conducted research is the objects of the nature reserve fund on the example of the Polissya Nature Reserve, forestry enterprises and forestry enterprises, which are geographically located in the Central Polissya zone, in order to determine the pathological state of forests and subsequently the possibility of predicting the risks of the occurrence and spread of epiphytoties in natural forest ecosystems. The data obtained as a result of the research can also be used when compiling forest pathological computer models of the probable occurrence, spread of pests and diseases in the forests of the nature reserve fund of the Central Polissya zone of Ukraine.The conclusions of the research are that the spread of diseases and pests as a result of weather and climatic features in the spring-autumn and winter period due to abnormally warm winters annually destroys significant areas of forests of the nature reserve fund. The most affected by constant pathogenesis and damage by pests are pine stands of the boreal type of Pergansky, Selezivsky and Kopyshchansky PNDV of the Polesie Nature Reserve. We have determined that as a result of weather and climatic anomalies in the forest vegetation conditions of the Polesie Nature Reserve, the active pathological effect of the complex of diseases and pests, causing active drying of stands of Scots pine and European birch, is 2 times higher than similar indicators in areas with more stable weather indicators, especially the amount of precipitation and the sum of active temperatures. The entry of Scots pine into a persistent pathological process with subsequent death due to the active biological activity of diseases and pests in the conditions of the Polesie Nature Reserve occurs quite intensively. It was established that the scale and nature of the pathological process in pine stands of the Polesie Nature Reserve in the context of the applied innovative methodology for determining pathological features using meteorological information from an automatic weather station differs significantly from the previously described methods. It was determined that meteorological data from an automatic weather station provide significant indicators of weather conditions that can be used to assess the pathologies of pests and forest diseases. The annual dynamics of the intensity of pathogenesis in the pine forest has significantly changed for the worse due to abnormally warm winters, especially in 2023, 2024, 2025. It was studied that in a pine forest affected by a pathological process, there is a higher formation and spread of mass epiphytoses of root and pine sponge, as well as the biological activity of apex, six-toothed bark beetles, pine woodworm, gold leaf beetle and other woodworm pests. Pathologies of pine stands due to weather and climatic conditions, as well as the probability of such dangerous phenomena as windbreak and windbreak due to the pathological activity of root and pine sponge pathogens in the conditions of forest use of the Polesie Nature Reserve is quite high compared to control areas, where the pathogenic impact of these pathogens is quite low. This, in turn, causes a faster rate of biological destruction of dead trees and broken logs, which, by the way, can further lead to the accumulation of forest combustible materials and their further natural preparation for possible fire in the presence of appropriate weather and climatic conditions. The practical use of the obtained research results is to determine the possibility of applying the methodology of forest pathological surveys using meteorological data to analyze the current and forecast the future forest pathological situation in the forest-vegetation boreal conditions of the Polesie Nature Reserve. Determining the pathological state of forests in the conditions of the Perhansky, Selezivsky, Kopyshchansky PNDV of the Polesie Nature Reserve will further allow for the practical determination of the quantitative and species composition of pathogens and pests, to determine the probability of the occurrence of epiphytoties and their spread in the conditions of the Polesie Nature Reserve.

The article examines the history of opening first automatic meteorological stations (AMS) for the Arctic in the Soviet Union in the 1930s, which measured meteorological parameters and transmitted them by radio. The idea of opening the stations belongs to the aerologist P.A. Molchanov. He invented the world’s first radiosonde for studying the atmosphere and in 1927 patented its coceptual scheme. In 1928, he proposed using a similar method of transmitting weather data over a distance by radio in the design of a ground-based AMS. Prototypes of the Molchanov AMS system were manufactured and tested as part of the work of the 2nd International Polar Year in the Pamirs and the Tikhaya Bay polar station (Franz Josef Land) in 1933–1934 and were the first in the world. This demonstrated the fundamental possibility of such devices operating in high- altitude and Arctic conditions, despite major testing problems. In 1935–1937, an improved AMS prototype was put into trial operation at the Tiksi polar station. P.A. Molchanov also worked on the creation of a drifting AMS, although these plans could not be realized. To date it has been a practically unknown fact that automatic weather stations were developed in the design department of the Leningrad State Factory of Meteorological Instruments “Metpribor”. Several samples of stationary and parachute AMS were made there in 1934–1936. The documents preserved in the collection of the Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute (AARI) and the state archives of St. Petersburg, periodicals, research literature and a number of other sources made it possible to reconstruct the history of developing and improving the design of the first AMS in our country. Much of the information is provided for the first time.

This paper aims to highlight the benefits from the integration of wireless sensor network / meteorological data and remote sensing for monitoring and determine irrigation demand in Cyprus. Estimating evapotranspiration in Cyprus will help, in taking measures for an effective irrigation water management in the future in the island. For this purpose both multi-spectral satellite images (Landsat 7 ETM+ and ASTER) and hydro-meteorological data from wireless sensors and automatic meteorological stations have been used. The wireless sensor network, which consist approximately twenty wireless nodes, was placed in our case study. The wireless sensor network acts as a wide area distributed data collection system deployed to collect and reliably transmit soil and air environmental data to a remote base-station hosted at Cyprus University of Technology. Furthermore auxiliary meteorological field data, from an automatic meteorological station, nearby our case study, where used such as solar radiation, air temperature, air humidity and wind speed. These data were used in conjunction with remote sensing results. Satellite images where used in ERDAS Imagine Software after the necessary processing: geometric rectification, radiometric calibration and atmospheric corrections. The satellite images were atmospheric corrected and calibrated using spectro-radiometers and sun-photometers measurements taken in situ, in an agricultural area, south-west of the island of Cyprus. Evapotranspiration is difficult to determine since it combines various meteorological and field parameters while in literature quite many different models for estimating ET are indicated. For estimating evapotranspiration from satellite images and the hydro-meteorological data different methods have been evaluated such as FAO Penman-Monteith, Carlson-Buffum and Granger methods. These results have been compared with E-pan methods. Finally a water management irrigation schedule has been applied. The final results are presented and compared with some conclusion remarks.

Este trabalho teve como objetivos comparar os dados da temperatura do ar (temperatura média e extrema), obtidos em uma Estação Meteorológica Convencional com os de uma Estação Meteorológica Automática, e avaliar as estimativas da temperatura média diária do ar por diferentes métodos. As estações meteorológicas estavam localizadas na Estação Agroclimatológica de Pelotas, Capão do Leão (31º52' S, 52º21' W e 13,2 m), Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. A série de cada elemento foi obtida simultaneamente na Estação Automática e na Estação Convencional durante o período de 22/12/2005 a 21/12/2006. Existe alta equivalência para as medidas das temperaturas extremas e das estimativas das temperaturas médias entre as Estações Meteorológicas Convencional e Automática, independente do método utilizado para o cálculo da temperatura média do ar. O termohigrógrafo mede, com alta precisão, as temperaturas extremas do ar. Verificam-se pequenas diferenças nos horários de ocorrência das temperaturas mínimas e máximas entre as Estações Meteorológicas Convencional e Automática. A análise dos dados indica que a substituição da Estação Meteorológica Convencional pela Estação Meteorológicas Automática, na região Sul do Rio Grande do Sul, não acarreta mudanças significativas na série de dados de temperatura do ar.

Due to the special natural environment over the glacier area in the Tianshan Mountains, the observation of meteorological data became difficult and is strictly scarce. Using the available data observed from the automatic meteorological station (AMS) installed on the Western Tianshan Mountain Station (WTMS) in Kyrgyzstan, the daily and seasonal variations of meteorological variables including air temperature (AT, °C), air pressure (AP, hPa), relative humidity (RH, %), and wind direction and speed (WD and WS, deg and m/s, respectively), as well as total radiation (TR, W/m2) were primarily analyzed during the period from September 2016 to May 2017. These are compared with the meteorological data obtained from the AMS in the Eastern Tianshan Mountain Station (Daxigou Station, hereafter named as ETMS) in China. Further, the comparison study between the observed data from the WTMS and the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data was performed to test the feasibility of reanalysis data in the vicinity of the Western Tianshan Mountains. The results revealed are as follows: (1) the observed data between the WTMS and ETMS presented high correlations, and the meteorological parameters detected from the ETMS were certainly representative of the variations in the WTMS. (2) The RH in the two regions showed comparatively high values ranging from 40% to 70% indicate the abundant amount of atmospheric water vapor content near the ground in the Tianshan Mountain area. (3) The predominant WD both in the WTMS and ETMS near the ground was along the south-east direction, with the values of WS between 0 and 2 m/s were accounted the largest proportion in two stations. (4) The NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data can reflect the changes in the synoptic weather scale of AT, RH, and AP to some extent. (5) The NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data of AT and RH were underestimated by 7.2% and 45.2% in the WTMS, respectively. Whereas, the values of AP, WD, and WS were overestimated by 83.8%, 28.8%, and 74.3%, respectively over the WTMS.

Automatic meteorological station is important for meteorological observation and the existence of outliers in the observational data is inevitable. The paper proposes outlier detection for observational data of automatic meteorological station based on least square support vector machine (LS-SVM). The method establishes the LS-SVM model for the meteorological factor and uses the model to evaluate the observational data. If the observational data deviate from the model, they would be seemed as outliers. The ground temperature data observed by two real automatic meteorological stations are used in experiments. Experiments results verify that the proposed method realize outlier detection for observational data of automatic meteorological station effectively and ensures subsequent process and analysis of the meteorological data.

The objective was to compare variables collected with a conventional meteorological station of IAPAR with an automatic station of SIMEPAR, located side by side at the experimental station of IAPAR in Londrina – PR (latitude: 23°22´S; longitude: 51°10´W and altitude: 585m). Daily data of the following meteorological variables were analyzed: rainfall (Prec), maximum (Tmax), minimum (Tmin) and mean (Tmed) temperature, wind speed (V), and mean relative humidity (UR med), during the period from 10/01/ 1999 to 12/31/2006. For data comparisons the following statistical indexes were used: determination coefficient (R2); agreement (d); maximum error (EM); absolute mean error (EAM); efficiency (EF); critical mass coefficient (CRM); square root of the normalized quadratic mean error (RMSE); systematic (Es) and random (Ea) errors. Based on the linear regressions it was concluded that there was a significant agreement for each variable measured in both stations. The largest differences were found in the maximum temperature, mean relative humidity and rainfall, with ME of 4.7ºC, 24.5% e 21.2mm, respectively. The analyses evidenced that data obtained with the automatic meteorological station have high quality and can be used in climatological studies.

Surface hoar deposited on the snow surface represents, once buried by subsequent snowfall, one of the principal weak layers on which dry snow slab avalanches release. To predict instabilities caused by a buried surface hoar layer, its spatial extent needs to be known. Avalanche forecasting relies, among other things, on meteorological data from automatic stations. In principle, surface hoar formation can be predicted from these data. In order to study the spatial variation in surface hoar formation and destruction, daily observations were made during one winter at 23 locations of different aspect, slope inclination, and wind exposure within an area of about 3 km2. Four automatic weather stations were located within the study area: one on level terrain and three across a ridge. Despite the good instrumentation the correlation between surface hoar growth and calculated sublimation rate was poor. Distinct spatial patterns of surface hoar growth were found. Surface hoar crystals were frequently larger at the ridge site than in the surroundings of the automatic weather station on level terrain. The variation in surface hoar formation was mainly due to different prevailing wind regimes during the formation periods. The surroundings of the automatic weather station on level terrain were under the influence of local katabatic winds that dried up the air so that growth conditions were locally less favorable. Our observations suggest that predicting surface hoar formation for complex alpine terrain on the basis of data from an automatic weather station, the standard procedure in avalanche forecasting, seems nearly impossible unless at least the local wind regime is known at high resolution (≤10 m). For both surface hoar formation and surface hoar destruction observations suggest wind conditions to be most crucial for spatial variation.

This paper intends to quantify the influence of the meteorological variables maximum and minimum temperature, maximum and minimum relative humidity, atmospheric pressure, wind velocity and solar radiation on the reference evapotranspiration, ETo, according to the Penman-Monteith equation of the FAO-56 bulletin. The meteorological data was obtained from an automatic meteorological station on the period from 2007 to 2010 located in Petrolina-PE, latitude -9,38 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">o</sup> , longitude -40,80 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">o</sup> and 370,50m above sea level. This influence was calculated based on the signal table method for 2^7 factorial experiment. The experiments showed that maximum temperature, minimum relative humidity, wind velocity and solar radiation were the most influent factors on the study, influencing on average 7,49%, 8,37%, 32,58% and 46,67% of the ETo monthly variation, respectively.

Urban heat island (UHI) phenomenon is one of the most serious environmental problems accompanied with the urban developments. The spatial distribution of UHI changed in different time such as season, month, day or hour. In roder to analyze the UHI phenomenon accurately, we should detemine the optimum time when the clearest and the biggest UHI intensity might occur. By selecting Shanghai city of China as the study area, the paper used the air temperature data measured by the automatic meteorological stations with the interval an hour in year 2005 to analyze daily variation of the UHI intensity at different seasons and months. The results revealed the optimum time to study UHI phenomenon and its distribution variation was night in Oct. On the basis of the following conclusion, multi-temporal polar meteorological satellite data were adopted to discuss the UHI spatial distribution in Shanghai and the influence of the underlying land surface types. According to the research results, it is feasible to study the distribution of the UHI intensity changed with time and space by combining the conventional meteorological station data with a higher temporal resolution and remote sensing data with a better spatial continuity.

BackgroundMalaria has been endemic in Linzhi Prefecture in the Tibet Autonomous Region (TAR) over the past 20 years, especially in Motou County with a highest incidence in the country in recent years. Meteorological factors, such as rainfall, temperature and relative humidity in Motou County were unique compared to other areas in Tibet as well as other parts of China, thus the objective of this work was to analyse the temporal correlation between malaria incidence and meteorological factors in Motou County, in order to seek the particular interventions for malaria control.MethodsThe meteorological and malaria data during 1986-2009 in Motuo County were studied to analyse the statistical relationship between meteorological data time series and malaria incidence data series. Temporal correlation between malaria incidence and meteorological factors were analyzed using several statistical methods. Spearman correlation analysis was conducted to examine the association between monthly malaria incidence and meteorological variables. Cross-correlation analysis of monthly malaria incidence series and monthly meteorological data time series revealed the time lag(s) of meteorological factors preceding malaria at which the series showed strongest correlation. Multiplicative seasonal auto-regressive integrated moving average (SARIMA) models were used in the cross-correlation analysis with pre-whitening which remove seasonality and auto-correlation of meteorological data series. Differenced data analysis which called inter-annual analysis was carried out to find underlying relationship between malaria data series and meteorological data series.ResultsIt has been revealed that meteorological variables, such as temperature, relative humidity and rainfall were the important environmental factors in the transmission of malaria. Spearman correlation analysis demonstrated relative humidity was greatest relative to malaria incidence and the correlation coefficient was 0.543(P < 0.01). Strong positive correlations were found for malaria incidence time series lagging one to three months behind rainfall (r > 0.4) and lagging zero to two months behind temperature and relative humidity (r > 0.5) by the cross-correlation. Correlations were weaker with pre-whitening than without. The cross-correlograms between malaria incidence and various meteorological variables were entirely different. It was fluctuated randomly for temperature but with trend for the other two factors, which showed positive correlated to malaria when lag was from 0 to 5 months and negative from 6 to 12 months. Besides, the inter-annual analysis showed strong correlation between differenced annual malaria incidence and differenced meteorological variables (annual average maximum temperature, annual average relative humidity and annual average rainfall). The correlations coefficients were -0.668 (P < 0.01), 0.451(P < 0.05) and 0.432(P < 0.05), respectively.ConclusionMeteorological variables play important environmental roles in malaria transmission in Motou County. Relative humidity was the greatest influence factors, which affected the mosquito survival directly. The relationship between malaria incidence and rainfall was complex and it was not directly and linearly. The lags of temperature and relative humidity were similar and smaller than that of rainfall. Since the lags of meteorological variables affecting malaria transmission were short, it was difficult to do accurate long-term malaria incidence prediction using meteorological variables.

The aim of the present work is to determine the vertical profiles of wind velocity, temperature and turbulent exchange coefficient in the Planetary Boundary Layer (PBL) using data collected from the automatic meteorological stations. The automatic meteorological stations (recently introduced in the NIMH network) provide hourly measurements of the wind velocity at 10 m and atmospheric stability classes based on measurements of the wind pulsations.

Meteorological information is important for decision making when related to natural phenomena, research in meteorology and climatology, etc. Considering that the cost of implementing monitoring stations can be high, studies have been carried out using low-cost equipment for meteorological monitoring. However, the information is unreliable because it does not follow a regulated standard and rises the uncertainty of how accurate the measurements are. This article studies the implementation of the Bosch BME280 integrated environmental unit which includes referential meteorological monitoring sensors for the estimation of temperature, relative humidity, and barometric pressure; used in mobile applications within the internet of things (IoT). The measurements produced by the Bosch unit are compared with those delivered by an automatic meteorological station (AWS) to determine the accuracy and reliability of the generated data. The outcomes show that the records present a constant phase shift, which, when determined and corrected, results in a similarity between measurements greater than 95%.

Quite high amounts of evaporation observed on glaciers in dry Central Asia are one important component in the mass balance of glaciers. During glaciological research at West Kunlun Mountains on the northwestern Tibetan plateau in 1987, high evaporation of more than 2 mm of water per day was observed near the equilibrium line (5800–5900 m a.s.l.) in mid-summer due to dry and windy climate. Annual evaporation is estimated by a semi-empirical method using the full year meteorological data taken by an automatic meteorological station. This value shows that evaporation occupies quite a high percentage within the mass balance near the equilibrium line and on the whole glacier. Discussions will centre on comparison with evaporation data obtained on other glaciers and on the effect of such evaporation in the climate-glacier relation.

Quite high amounts of evaporation observed on glaciers in dry Central Asia are one important component in the mass balance of glaciers. During glaciological research at West Kunlun Mountains on the northwestern Tibetan plateau in 1987, high evaporation of more than 2 mm of water per day was observed near the equilibrium line (5800–5900 m a.s.l.) in mid-summer due to dry and windy climate. Annual evaporation is estimated by a semi-empirical method using the full year meteorological data taken by an automatic meteorological station. This value shows that evaporation occupies quite a high percentage within the mass balance near the equilibrium line and on the whole glacier. Discussions will centre on comparison with evaporation data obtained on other glaciers and on the effect of such evaporation in the climate-glacier relation.