Abstract
We have studied the buoyancy-driven convection enhancement and entropy production in a Cu–TiO2/water (water with copper and titanium dioxide nanoparticles) hybrid nanofluid filled curved enclosure subjected to a uniform magnetic field. The enclosure has a sinusoidally heated right wall, cold left wall, uniformly heated bottom wall, and thermally insulated upper curved wall. The effect of different amplitudes (concave, square, and convex) of the upper curved wall is considered. The non-linear governing equations are non-dimensionalized and written in stream function-velocity formulation. Bi Conjugate Gradient Stabilized (BiCGStab) method is employed followed by a Tri-diagonal matrix algorithm (TDMA) for the numerical simulation. The considered parameters are as follows: Rayleigh number (Ra), Hartmann number (Ha), phase angle (ε), the amplitude of the curved wall (a), and nanoparticle volume fraction (Φ). The influence of the model parameters on entropy production, fluid flow, and heat transfer phenomenon has been investigated, and the simulated results are displayed in terms of flow fields and temperature fields. According to the studies, increasing the Rayleigh number and volume percentage of nanoparticles has a significant impact on heat transmission and hence dominates the convection effect, whereas increasing the Hartmann number has the opposite effect.
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