Abstract
Identify and obtain a detailed understanding of shale and its clay minerals in three segments; exploration, drilling and reservoir in the oil industry are very important. The study of the formation clay minerals in terms of depth and layers of earth is done through X-ray tests on samples taken from the reservoir which in comparison with logging requires a lot more time and cost and also can't provide continuous results because continuous sampling from the whole well is not possible. NGS (Gamma-ray Spectrometry) log is used to identify formation clay minerals that is an indicator of three radioactive elements thorium, uranium and potassium and the amount of each of these elements and according to amount of each of these elements and their ratio gives a description of clay minerals of each zone. CGR log represents the sum of two elements Thorium and potassium that are present in the shale and uranium has no effect on it. The CGR log is usually used as a shale indicator and it is an essential tool for determining the Shale volume in well logging operation. In this study the relationship between shale volume shown by the CGR log and the type of formation clay mineral was investigated. A very clear relationship between the shale volume and formation clay minerals was observed. In intervals with low shale volume the amount of active clay minerals, especially montmorillonite was higher and in intervals with high shale volume, inactive clay minerals were more. In order to investigate the spatial relation between the logging data, frequency distribution and correlation between logging data was studied. By using logging data and identifying the type of clay minerals in each zone and also the spatial correlation between logging data a suitable program for drilling and exploitation of oil fields in different areas can be proposed.
Highlights
75% of Earth’s upper crust is composed of sedimentary rocks and the greater part of the world’s hydrocarbon reserves can be extracted from these rocks
Clay minerals are composed of particles with small crystals and based on crystalline structure are classified into different groups
––Reducing the permeability and porosity. ––Displacement of the rock grains when the shale begins to lose water. ––Increasing in water absorption during the hydration process and contact with water. ––Negative impact on sampling or logging tools Unique effects of clays on logs are due to their layered structure
Summary
Geodesy and Cartography, 2015, 41(2): 92–100 estimation of reservoir storage and production rates. Without adequate information about the type of clay minerals in the rock it is possible to encounter fundamental problems by using unsuitable drilling mud. Clay minerals due to their own characteristics such as softness, plasticity, swelling and ion exchange have always been emphasized and the need to review and study their properties in various sciences including geological, geotechnical, and oil drilling is inevitable. The importance of shale and clay minerals in petroleum geology and reservoir studies can be classified in three sections: exploration (source rock, cap rock, etc.), drilling (drilling mud, drilling problems and prospects in shale, etc.) and reservoir (effect on reservoir quality, capillary pressure, electrical logs, etc.). The evaluation of behavior and performance of shale and its clay minerals in different conditions and dealing with problems arising from them is essential
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