Abstract
Toxoplasmosis is known as zoonotic disease caused by Toxoplasma gondii infection. This microorganism has ability to evade immune system by forming parasitophorus vacuole (PV) formed through the phagosome vacuole modification by secreting dense granule protein (GRA). Among GRAs protein, GRA1 was selected as candidate for vaccine development. However, it remains controvercial whether the protein has adequate antigenicity and strong immunogenicity which are suitable for vaccine candidate. Some researcher reported that DNA vaccine of GRA1 was able to induce cellular mediated immunity and proinflamatoric humoral immunity. In fact, another study demonstrated that GRA1 protein was only antigenic based on their molecular weight and bioinformatic analysis.The other studies also showed that GRA1 was considered as weak immunogen based on bioinformatic studies. The ability of GRA1 protein to stimulate immune responses, both humoral and cellular mediated immunity were seemly caused by adjuvant. Key words: Toxoplasma gondii , GRA1, cellular mediated immunity, humoral immunity
Highlights
Toxoplasmosis is known as zoonotic disease caused by Toxoplasma gondii infection
Among granule protein (GRA) protein, GRA1 was selected as candidate for vaccine development
Some researcher reported that DNA vaccine of GRA1 was able to induce cellular mediated immunity and proinflamatoric humoral immunity
Summary
Toksoplasmosis merupakan penyakit zoonosis yang disebabkan oleh protozoa Toxoplasma gondii. Protozoa tersebut memiliki kemampuan untuk menghindar dari sistem imun dengan membentuk vakuola parasitoforus. Permasalahan yang muncul adalah apakah protein GRA1 adalah protein yang antigenik dan imunogenik sehingga sangat sesuai untuk kandidat vaksin. Beberapa hasil penelitian yang telah dilakukan dengan menggunakan teknologi vaksin DNA menunjukkan bahwa teknologi vaksin DNA GRA1 mampu menginduksi respon imun seluler dan respon imun humoral yang proinflamatorik. Namun penelitian lain justru menunjukkan bahwa respon imun humoral terbentuk di bawah kendali sitokin non-inflamatorik. Hasil studi lain memperlihatkan bahwa protein GRA1 hanya memiliki kecenderungan kuat sebagai antigen ditinjau dari berat molekul dan analisis bioinformatik. Protein GRA1 merupakan molekul dengan imunogenisitas lemah. Kemampuan protein GRA1 dalam menginduksi respon imun humoral dan menginduksi respon imun seluler cenderung disebabkan oleh ajuvan baik berupa motif CpG dari vektor DNA maupun ajuvan lain
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