Abstract
Medicinal and aromatic plants have the ability to transmit volatile allelochemicals and affect their surrounding organisms. In this regard, their interaction should also be considered. The inhibitory effects of 112 essential oils on lettuce seed and seedling were investigated by cotton swab method. Germination (G%), Mean germination time (MGT), Lethal of embryo (L%), dormancy (D%), radicle growth (R%), and hypocotyl growth (H%) were measured. Two methods were used for evaluating allelopathic interaction effects: the simplified modified dilution check-board technique (SMCT) and the isobologram. Thymus daenensis had the highest inhibitory effect on G% (IC50 = 2.9 ppm) and the most lethal effect on the embryo (LC50 = 7.2 ppm). Thymus transcaspicus, Dracocephalum moldavica, Artemisia sieberi and Amomum subulatum had the greatest effect on MGT. Ziziphora tenuior, Trachyspermum ammi and Pelargonium graveolens had the highest effect on D%. Origanum vulgare was the strongest growth inhibitor. The highest synergistic effect on G% was in A. subulatum + Mentha suaveolens, on H% was related to Perovskia abrotanoides + T. daenensis, and on R% was observed in Artemisia vulgaris + M. suaveolens. The results of this study can lead to identification of new phytotoxic compounds in EOs and control weeds more effectively.
Highlights
Growth interactions between weeds and crops lead to high costs for agricultural systems [1].Herbicides have always played a key role in weed management
Afterwards, A. hirtifolium, L. angustifolia flower, and P. graveolnes leaf and flower essential oils (EOs) were the most effective on hypocotyl inhibition (HIC50 = 18.1 ppm, HIC50 = 22.8 ppm, HIC50 = 27.8 ppm, and HIC50 = 30.1 ppm, respectively); A. ludoviciana, P. abrotanoides flower, S. officinalis, and P. anisum had the highest effective on radicle growth (RIC50 = 18.3 ppm, RIC50 = 19.1 ppm, RIC50 = 23.4 ppm, and RIC50 = 27.8 ppm, respectively); and P. abrotanoides flower, A. ludoviciana, L. angustifolia flower, and S. officinalis EOs showed the most effect on seedling growth (SIC50 = 20.7 ppm, SIC50 = 24.9 ppm, SIC50 = 28.7 ppm, and SIC50 = 29.1 ppm, respectively)
The highest antagonistic effect was observed in the combination of R. graveolens + D. moldavica (CE = 0.56) followed by the R. graveolens +
Summary
Herbicides have always played a key role in weed management. This event is one of the major causes of environmental damage and public health, leading to environmental pollution, product insecurity and human health hazards [2,3]. Every year, a new list of pesticide-resistant weeds is released. According to the 2017 report by the International Herbicide-Resistant Weed site, a list of new cases of weed resistance to herbicides was released [4]. This causes us to always look for new herbicides to control resistant weed populations
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