Abstract
Objective: This research was aimed at telling the anatomical characteristics of the accessory supraorbital foramen (ASOF) in relation to the main supraorbital foramen (SOF), which is necessary in clinical situations that require regional surgical procedures.
 Methods: A total dedicated to the presence and location of 72 dry Indian adults of unknown age and sex were investigated. In each skull, the ASOF location was measured on both sides with a Vernier caliper metal case, with the SOF as the reference point. The total number of accessory foramen was also noted.
 Results: Accessory infraorbital foramens (IOFs) were seen only in 4.16% in our study and all seen were single in number. Half of those accessory foramen were present on medial and rest half were present on superomedial position as compared to the main IOF. Half among present accessory foramens were located at a distance of <2 mm and half were located at a distance of more than 2 mm. The mean location of accessory IOF was at 7.07 mm from main IOF.
 Conclusion: Knowledge of the anatomical characteristics of ASOF can have major effects on surgical and local anesthetic preparation blockage of the super orbital nerves. Additional guidance for surgeons may be provided with information on the foramens obtained from this study. The surgeons should note this during the nerve block as damage to either branch will lead to sensory impairment and incomplete blocking of the nerve.
Highlights
The foramina of the facial, which transmits blood and nerves between the facial structures and the cranium, shows functional and metric features which are different from those found in standard anatomy textbooks [1,2]
The analysis of findings from previous research shows a wide difference in the anatomical characteristics of the supraorbital foramen (SOF) due to differences in the parameters used and due to the various populations studied
With a possibility of these characteristics being dependent on population groups, this study makes the morphometric study of these foramina in the population of India relevant
Summary
The foramina of the facial, which transmits blood and nerves between the facial structures and the cranium, shows functional and metric features which are different from those found in standard anatomy textbooks [1,2]. The supraorbital nerve supplies forehead and scalp region. It exits through supraorbital foramen (SOF) and may be injured during various surgical and anesthetic procedures [7]. In cases of the absence of supraorbital passages (foramen/notch), or presence of accessory SOF (ASOF), the supraorbital vessels and nerve are prone to injury. This block is approved out in the treatment of migraine and chronic paroxysmal hemicranias, as alternative but temporary treatment for super-arbitrary neuralgia and other cosmetic skin treatments, removal of facial fractures, biopsies, and scar revisions
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