Abstract
Particle-based films are today an important part of various designs and they are implemented in structures as conductive parts, i.e., conductive paste printing in the manufacture of Li-ion batteries, solar cells or resistive paste printing in IC. Recently, particle based films were also implemented in the 3D printing technique, and are particularly important for use in aircraft, wind power, and the automotive industry when incorporated onto the surface of composite structures for protection against damages caused by a lightning strike. A crucial issue for the lightning protection area is to realize films with high homogeneity of electrical resistance where an in-situ noninvasive method has to be elaborated for quality monitoring to avoid undesirable financial and time costs. In this work the drying process of particle based films was investigated by high-frequency eddy current (HFEC) spectroscopy in order to work out an automated in-situ quality monitoring method with a focus on the electrical resistance of the films. Different types of particle based films deposited on dielectric and carbon fiber reinforced plastic substrates were investigated in the present study and results show that the HFEC method offers a good opportunity to monitor the overall drying process of particle based films. Based on that, an algorithm was developed, allowing prediction of the final electrical resistance of the particle based films throughout the drying process, and was successfully implemented in a prototype system based on the EddyCus® HFEC device platform presented in this work. This prototype is the first solution for a portable system allowing HFEC measurement on huge and uneven surfaces.
Highlights
Particle based films mean alternative coatings, consisting of a carrying matrix, different filler material, e.g., conductive particles, fibers, nanotubes, and nanoparticles, etc., which are distributed in a matrix by adding additional solvents [1,2,3,4,5]
Important are particle based films for aircraft, wind power and the automotive industry being incorporated onto the surface of composite structures, e.g., carbon or glass fiber reinforced plastics (CFRP and GFRP), for protection against damage caused by a lightning strike [11,14]
This work aimed to investigate the drying process of particle based films by monitoring their electrical resistance using a non-destructive high-frequency eddy current (HFEC) spectroscopy, that works quickly, is noninvasive and can be applied to wet as well as to dried films; working in a high-frequency range, it reacts to the smallest changes in electrical and dielectric properties of the particle based films [5]
Summary
Particle based films mean alternative coatings, consisting of a carrying matrix, different filler material, e.g., conductive particles, fibers, nanotubes, and nanoparticles, etc., which are distributed in a matrix by adding additional solvents [1,2,3,4,5]. According to the diversity of the application method and the distinguishing feature of particle based films to combine properties from both filler material and carrying matrix [10,11] they have been successfully implemented in industry and are presently an important part of various designs. They are applied for example by conductive paste printing in integrated circuits, manufacturing of Li-ion batteries or solar cells [12]. Important are particle based films for aircraft, wind power and the automotive industry being incorporated onto the surface of composite structures, e.g., carbon or glass fiber reinforced plastics (CFRP and GFRP), for protection against damage caused by a lightning strike [11,14]
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