Abstract
Groundwater is the main resource for human consumption in many countries, especially in developing countries. This groundwater is often brackish and hyperfluorinated, which leads to diseases such as dental and bone fluorosis, etc. The water from the Diouroup water drainage facilities, like those from many other water drainage facilities in the regions of Fatick, Kaolack, Diourbel and the area of Touba, is facing this problem. To solve these problems, several physicochemical and membrane methods have been implemented. In this work we have briefly outlined some of these methods and we have chosen one of them, low pressure reverse osmosis. In addition, this technique is very simple to operate and maintain. Reverse osmosis provides good quality water in a single step, without the need for additional sterilization or remineralization treatments. We then carried out simulations with the Reverse Osmosis System Analysis (ROSA) software. For reasonable operating parameters, we have noticed a low feed pressure of 11.58 bars, a good average flow of raw water of 27.79 L/m2/h and a recovery rate of the first pass of 75.01%. The results obtained also showed a good quality of the permeate which respects the recommendations of the World Health Organization (WHO) on drinking water. The fluorides of 0.59 mg/L have a recovery rate of 90.8% while the chlorides of 59.09 mg/L have a recovery rate of 92.12% as for the Total Dissolved Solids of 184.90 mg/L for an abatement of 92%. Finally, the low energy consumption of the process makes it possible to consider it in coupling with an electric supply by photovoltaic solar collectors for isolated sites.
Highlights
Today, more than one billion people in the world lack access to clean water and half of the population in the developing world suffers from diseases due to water contamination [1]
Fluoride poses public health problems, for example in India, where research with CEFIRES [2] [3] is available, and in Senegal, China, Russia, the United States, etc. In countries, such as the United States, the Commonwealth of Independent States, North Africa and West Africa, including Senegal, the fluorides attributed to fluorine ores are generally due to the presence of phosphates
It is observed that each of the critical raw water parameters achieved values below the World Health Organization (WHO) standards for drinking water quality [39]
Summary
More than one billion people in the world lack access to clean water and half of the population in the developing world suffers from diseases due to water contamination [1]. Fluoride poses public health problems, for example in India, where research with CEFIRES [2] [3] is available, and in Senegal, China, Russia, the United States, etc. In countries, such as the United States, the Commonwealth of Independent States, North Africa and West Africa, including Senegal, the fluorides attributed to fluorine ores (fluoroapatite) are generally due to the presence of phosphates (hydroxyapatite). Fluoride concentrations in these regions can reach values of 5 to 15 mg/L, whereas the potability standards are 1.5 mg/L [4]. Water quality monitoring data collected over the past decade in urban drinking water systems call for a re-evaluation of water and health issues in developed countries [5]
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