Abstract
The effect of water hardness on the coagulation of iron (III) oxide particles and its deposition on nylon fabrics was studied in search of some substitutional builders for phosphates. The effect was examined as functions of water hardness (050ppm) at ionic strength 5×10-3, temperature 30°C and pH 11.The ζ-potentials of particles and a fabric, the distribution and mean diameter of coagulation particles in solution, and the amount of particle deposition on a fabric were measured. Particles were observed to be deposited on a fabric with a scanning electron microscope.The addition of a few ppm water hardness ions to a 0ppm solution markedly decreased the ζ-potential of particles and promoted their coagulation, and increased the deposition on the fabric. Above 5ppm water hardness, all these phenomena were approximately equilibrated.The ζ-potential of particles in the washing liquor may possibly be more important than that of fabric, since the coagulation of particles greatly influences the extent of their deposition on the fabric. Also coagulation of particles was found to correspond to the total interaction potential energy of homocoagulation between particles. These findings are in agreement with those of the previous paper on the effect of pH.
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