Abstract
Natural treatment of sewage wastewater has an environmental and economic means. It is applied by infiltrating wastewater through the vadose zone (unsaturated zone) of an aquifer. This method of treatment proved its effectiveness in removing or reducing most of harmful substances through physic-chemical and biological analysis. The obtained results validated that most of toxic substances were removed by percent of 99.1%, 97.6%, 94.7%, 98.6%, 100%, 99.9% and 100% for TSS, BOD, COD, NH 3 , PO 4 , total coliform and fecal coliform bacteria, respectively. The study suggests that, the possible removal mechanisms in the vadose zone were primarily filtrations, adsorption and biodegradation, which are the most commonly referenced. These processes are low cost, low or no energy consumption, and low mechanical technology as well as helps in environmental cleanup.
Highlights
The samples were analyzed for Total Suspended Solid (TSS), Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), nitrates, ammonia, phosphates, Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) and total, fecal coliform bacteria according to Egyptian standards and the procedures of the American Public Health Association (APHA, 1998). pH and Electrical Conductivity (EC): of the water samples were measured by using checker meter (Model Horiba water checker U-10)
BOD concentration was reduced from 130 mg/l in inflow wastewater to 99 mg/l in effluent sewage water; COD was reduced from 152 mg/l in inflow wastewater to 123 mg/l in effluent sewage water which are treated by biological treatment, aerobic sludge consisting of active bacteria, which consume and remove aerobically biodegradable organic substances, this natural treatment is represented by the following equation (Fujii, 2009); Organic pollutants → mCO2 + nH2O + Bacteria cell
The results showed that the concentration in inflow sewage water sample is 41 mg/L but it decreased to 22.8 mg/L in outflow sample, this may be due to sulfur oxidation bacteria (Thiobacillus Thiooxidans) in secondary treatment process (Biological treatment) oxidize reducing sulfur compounds such as thiosulfuric (S2O32-) and sulfide (S2-), sulfite (SO32-) into sulfuric acid ion (SO42-) by utilizing oxygen in air (Fujii, 2009)
Summary
Due to increasing development in desert areas outside the densely populated Nile Valley and Delta has led to the need for exploring alternative renewable water resources (Abdalla, 2012; Abdelkareem et al, 2012; Abdelkareem and El-Baz, 2015). Renewable water resources available in Egypt represent a total of approximately 57 billion cubic meters (BCM)/year. 97 percent comes from the Nile, with the remainder from precipitation; which is mainly confined to the northern coast. Water demand increasing by 72 BCM/year, over 80 percent of which is used for agriculture. Sewage effluent comprises 99.9% water and 0.1 % organic and inorganic solids in suspended and soluble forms. Raw sewage water contains many microorganisms (bacteria, viruses, and parasitic protozoa), which may be pathogenic, and parasitic worms (Lim et al, 2010)
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