Studies of Time-Use: Problems and Prospects

Abstract

Studies of time-use are rather commonplace today. Central statistical bureaus in many countries have adopted the technique and are contemplating regular surveys. The idea that measurements of time and time-allocations can be used as general indicators of living conditions is taken up by many. Serious schemes have been developed that propose exchanging the well-known 'money-budget' for 'time-budgets'. Development programs for 'social indicators' all incorporate various measures based on time and time-use. It is fair to say, however, that this field of inquiry is still in its infancy. It has proved possible to obtain data on people's daily use of time with sufficient reliability, but there is an alarming lack of reports on the methodological difficulties involved. The studies performed are typically empirical, fact-finding surveys with little attention given to the theoretical issues involved. The dominant instrument of data-gathering is the '24-hour time diary'. The various studies follow a general pattern which makes comparison possible, but there is a great need for further development of this research instrument. This is readily understood by those who have ventured to use it. The traditional time-use studies are very expensive and require great inputs of both time and money. This paper will not deal with all the problems mentioned. First the concrete reality at hand will be dealt with and thereafter some major methodological problems illuminated. A framework for classifying activities is proposed and, finally, indication is given of how the 'diary approach' can possibly be adapted for inclusion in interview surveys.