Abstract
Being a territory with several minerals and rocks suitable for knapping and grinding, Uruguay offered a lithic-rich environment for past indigenous cultures in the Southern Cone of South America. In this paper, a history of lithic procurement studies in Uruguay is presented. Three main periods are discriminated, paying attention to authors’ theoretical and methodological contributions to the field. Firstly, a period with general mention to raw materials utilised by indigenous groups, including those historically known, is recognised at least since the last decades of the nineteenth century. Secondly, a period involving description of lithic resources available at a national scale as well as the first detailed observations of lithic sources and possible means of procurement can be distinguished between the 1950s and the mid-1980s. Lastly, beginning with salvage archaeology in the eastern region, the current period of research (i.e. the last thirty years) is characterised by contextualising lithic procurement within issues of lithic technological organisation and settlement patterns of indigenous groups. The current period of studies has involved two different approaches: 1) technological analysis of lithic artefacts and comparison of raw material with previously-published geological data; 2) utilisation of field survey data that locate and map lithic resources, and characterisation of visual (macroscopic, microscopic, or both macroscopic and microscopic) and geochemical components of these resources. Within the latter, studies can be further arranged according to the main temporal framework used to contextualise research problems. On the one hand, questions involving lithic procurement of early hunter-gatherers (who arrived ca. 12,000 BP) since the end of the 1990s have included surveys of potential and utilised sources, the first thin-section-based petrographic studies and the distinction of different local, regional and long-distance procurement strategies. On the other hand, cultural changes since the Middle Holocene have framed lithic source survey studies to answer questions of resource accessibility for coastal groups during sea level changes, as well as for other now-diverse groups such as the lowland moundbuilders. Finally, considerations for future research are made by reconsidering recent developments alongside the history of lithic procurement studies in Uruguay.
Highlights
Lithic procurement studies are concerned with processes and products involving the acquisition of minerals and rocks, linking survey, analysis and characterisation of sources with raw material use and circulation (Church 1994; Luedkte 1992; Odell 2000; 2004)
Points, see Sollazo & Seijo (1932), and sculptural polished artefacts, see Sierra y Sierra (1931); for raw materials used for these and other exceptional knapped and ground artefacts, see Meneghin (2004; 2006; 2007; 2011). The latter were common in other references of the time (e.g., Geranio 1939; Maeso 1977), and a particular reference to the incomparable availability of rocks that the country offered to “Charrúa” indigenous groups was made by Maeso (1977: 34), a poet and amateur archaeologist who traveled around the country for more than forty years collecting and digging up artefacts (Tuya de Maeso 1977)
In the mid-1980s, new theoretical and methodological perspectives were incorporated into Uruguayan prehistoric archaeology, in the context of an extensive salvage survey program developed in the Merín Lagoon basin in the eastern and southeastern part of the country
Summary
Lithic procurement studies are concerned with processes and products involving the acquisition of minerals and rocks, linking survey, analysis and characterisation of sources with raw material use and circulation (Church 1994; Luedkte 1992; Odell 2000; 2004). The Uruguayan territory, in the South America Southern Cone (see Figures 1 and 2), offers a unique environment for these studies, since it was a very rich and diverse lithic landscape for indigenous artisans, for knapping and grinding. This is in contrast with others areas of the Southern Cone such as the Pampean region where lithic resources are highly localised (e.g., Bayón et al 1999; Colombo 2013; Flegenheimer & Bayón 1999), there do exist other regions with abundant and widely distributed resources, such as Patagonia (e.g., Borrero & Franco 1997; Magnin 2015). A consideration of major developments is made in order to propose new lines of future research
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