Abstract
We report the results of three indirect techniques which, together, provide a clear measure of emitter uniformity. First, a study of the Fowler–Nordheim characteristics has allowed limits to be placed on the variability of those tips contributing to the total current. Second, the emission characteristics of arrays are compared with those of neighboring single tips. Finally, these results have been compared with the variability observed in small arrays of close-spaced but individually addressable tips. The results obtained suggest a relatively uniform and narrow distribution of characteristics within emitter arrays produced by GEC–Marconi in which effectively 70% of the tips contribute to the total emission current. This conclusion is discussed in the context of direct emission images formed by beam collimating double-gridded cathodes.
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