Student Attendance, Study Activities, Major, and Midterm Grades as Predictors of Final Course Grades of Undergraduate and Graduate Plant Materials Courses during the Eras before and after COVID-19

Abstract

Data were collected from four plant materials courses over the span of 20 years. Two classes were at the undergraduate level, Trees and Shrubs for Sustainable Built Environments (HORT 306) and Plants for Sustainable Landscapes (HORT 308), and two classes were at the graduate level, Plants for Landscape Design (HORT 608) and Plants for Landscape Design II (HORT 609). Data from these courses were analyzed to determine trends in student performance and benchmarks that might be associated with student success. Data included student enrollment, midterm course grades, final course grades, number of unexcused absences, student-reported study times for various activities, student major, student experience (class rank), whether the courses were required, and perceived difficulty levels of the courses. Trends in grade distributions were fairly stable until the last 3 to 4 years before COVID-19, when mean final grades and the frequencies of A or B grades increased. Midterm grades were strongly positively correlated with final course grades across majors in all four courses before COVID-19 (R2 = 0.90, 0.74, 0.72, and 0.54 for HORT 306, HORT 308, HORT 608, and HORT 609, respectively; P ≤ 0.001) and continued to be positively correlated after COVID-19. The number of unexcused absences was negatively significantly correlated with final course grades across majors (R2 = −0.69, −0.63, −0.21, and −0.45 for HORT 306, HORT 308, HORT 608, and HORT 609, respectively) before COVID-19 (P ≤ 0.001) and continued to be similarly correlated after COVID-19. Fewer reductions from midterm to final grades were observed for fall courses than for spring courses, particularly for seniors. Self-reported time spent studying all aspects of the courses was either not significantly correlated (P ≤ 0.05) or surprisingly slightly negatively correlated with the final course grades for all four courses. Perceptions of courses as moderately difficult (range, 7.0–8.0 out of 10.0) were remarkably stable overall but varied considerably by major (range, 5.0–8.3) and experience (range, 7.5 for seniors to 8.1 for freshman). More than 96% of enrollment in the graduate courses both before and after COVID-19 comprised Horticulture and Landscape Architecture majors, whereas undergraduate enrollment included a wide diversity of majors; however, the majority of those students were horticulture or landscape architecture majors. Biological science students or students who were architectural design majors were the top-performing students in both undergraduate courses, whereas undeclared majors, social science majors, and those in probationary major categories were among the lower-performing students in both undergraduate courses.