Abstract
Abstract The search for representative resistant systems for a concrete structure requires deep knowledge about its mechanical behavior. Strut-and-tie models are classic analysis procedures to the design of reinforced concrete regions where there are stress concentrations, the so-called discontinuous regions of the structure. However, this model is strongly dependent of designer’s experience regarding the compatibility between the internal flow of loads, the material’s behavior, the geometry and boundary conditions. In this context, the present work has the objective of presenting the application of the strut-and-tie method in linear and non-linear on some typical structural elements, using the Evolutionary Topological Optimization Method (ESO). This optimization method considers the progressive reduction of stiffness with the removal of elements with low values of stresses. The equivalent truss system resulting from the analysis may provide greater safety and reliability.
Highlights
In projects’ routine, it is necessary to design the components of a structure based on classic theories that describe the mechanical elements’ behavior
Concrete regions in which the Bernoulli-Euler hypotheses are valid are known in the literature as B-Regions, while D-Regions correspond to regions where the Saint-Venant principle should be applied
The load supported by the strut-and-tie model must be evaluated by a criterion of ultimate load and, usually, it requires from the designer the experience to choose and placement of elements that defines the equivalent truss
Summary
In projects’ routine, it is necessary to design the components of a structure based on classic theories that describe the mechanical elements’ behavior. In the reinforced concrete design, the structure can be divided in two different regions, one governed by Bernoulli-Euler kinematic hypotheses and another governed by the principle of Saint-Venant It allows the adequate determination of internal forces and the necessary steel for the reinforced concrete. Concrete regions in which the Bernoulli-Euler hypotheses are valid are known in the literature as B-Regions, while D-Regions correspond to regions where the Saint-Venant principle should be applied This latter region represents a discontinuity area of the structure, distinguished as a static discontinuity (e.g., in support regions), or a geometric discontinuity (e.g., parts with abrupt changes of geometry). The discontinuous regions of reinforced concrete can be adequately represented by the use of strut-and-tie model This model consists on the simulation of the parts effectively loaded inside the structure by the idealization of a truss with equivalent mechanical behavior. The methodology is used for the determination of internal forces in the struts (compressed elements of the truss) and in the ties (tensioned elements of the truss)
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