Structures of human alcohol and aldehyde dehydrogenases.

Abstract

Human alcohol dehydrogenase is a dimeric zinc metalloenzyme for which forms of three classes, I, II and III, have been distinguished. Subunits hybridize within but not between classes. There are three types of subunit, alpha, beta, and gamma, in class I. The primary structures of all three forms have been established, as well as the overall properties and the effects of the amino acid substitutions between the various forms. Each subunit has 374 residues, of which 35 exhibit differences among the alpha, beta and gamma chains. Corresponding cDNA structures are also known, as are the genetic organization and details of the gene structures. Allelic variants occur at the beta and gamma loci. Corresponding amino acid substitutions have been characterized, and enzymatic differences between the allelic forms are explained by defined residue exchanges. The results also illustrate recent and repeated isozyme evolution, a subject where alcohol dehydrogenases exceptionally well offer detailed examples. Human aldehyde dehydrogenase occurs of two types, a mitochondrial and a cytosolic form. The enzymes are tetramers, do not contain functional metals, and have subunits which do not form inter-type hybrids. The primary structures have been determined, revealing a positional identity of 68% (in 500 residues) between the mitochondrial and cytosolic forms. The N-terminus is heterogeneous and is not blocked in the subunit of the mitochondrial enzyme, in contrast to that of the cytosolic enzyme or those of all the alcohol dehydrogenases (also cytosolic). A reactive cysteine residue at position 302 has been ascribed functional importance at or close to the active site, is conserved in the two aldehyde dehydrogenases, and is associated with the action of disulfiram on the enzyme. In Oriental populations, a mutant allelic variant of the mitochondrial protein with impaired enzyme function has also been characterized.