Structure, petrochemistry and evolution of a sheet swarm in an Icelandic central volcano

Abstract

AbstractStrike, dip, and thickness were measured for 504 sheets (inclined sheets and dykes) in the 4–6 Ma old Hafnarfjall central volcano in southwest Iceland. The average dip of sheets is 65°, 80% are less than 1.2 m thick, and the thickness tends to decrease with decreasing dip. In 0.5 km long traverses perpendicular to the average strike of sheets, the percentage of sheets ranges from about 6 to 11.Of 140 chemically analysed sheets most are quartz-tholeiites; a few are intermediate or acid. The sheets are chemically more evolved than the host rock and were generated by a shallow crustal magma chamber at a mature stage of the central volcano, whereas the host rock was generated earlier before the chamber was established. Trace element results suggest that the sheet magmas evolved by low-pressure fractional crystallization as well as by mixing of primitive magmas and crustal melts.A model is proposed where most of the sheets are generated by a growing shallow magma chamber. As the chamber grows its shape changes, and so does the local stress field associated with it. Because the sheets follow the stress trajectories of the local stress field, the potential pathways of the sheets change with the growth of the chamber, which may explain the common occurrence of cross-cutting sheets. From the evolved chemistry of the sheets, as well as from the pattern of the stress trajectories, it is concluded that the bulk of the sheets were injected from the upper part of the shallow magma chamber.