Abstract
Biomass-derived carbon materials (B-d-CMs) are considered as a group of very promising electrode materials for electrochemical energy storage (EES) by virtue of their naturally diverse and intricate microarchitectures, extensive and low-cost source, environmental friendliness, and feasibility to be produced in a large scale. However, the practical application of raw B-d-CMs in EES is limited by their relatively rare storage sites and low diffusion kinetics. In recent years, various strategies from structural design to material composite manipulation have been explored to overcome these problems. In this review, a controllable design of B-d-CM structures boosting their storage sites and diffusion kinetics for EES devices including SIBs, Li-S batteries, and supercapacitors is systematically summarized from the aspects of effects of pseudographic structure, hierarchical pore structure, surface functional groups, and heteroatom doping of B-d-CMs, as well as the composite structure of B-d-CMs, aiming to provide guidance for further rational design of the B-d-CMs for high-performance EES devices. Besides, the contemporary challenges and perspectives on B-d-CMs and their composites are also proposed for further practical application of B-d-CMs for EES devices.
Highlights
With the explosive growth of global economy and population, the energy consumption worldwide has attracted more and more attention [1]
Among the samples prepared at different pyrolysis temperatures, the N-doped carbon microspheres (NCSs) prepared at 500°C had the highest content of nitrogen doping (4.1%) with 93.7% in the form of N-5 and N-6 and could afford more active sites and fast diffusion kinetics and enhance the capacity and electrical conductivity, delivering a larger capacity of 336 mAh g-1 after 50 cycles at 50 mA g-1 and excellent cycling stability and rate capacity
This review reported Biomass-derived carbon materials (B-d-CMs) as a kind of sustainable and green electrodes in energy storage (EES) devices and summarized various mechanisms for enhancing the number of efficient storage sites and the level of diffusion kinetics from the aspect of structural control ranging from pseudographic structure and hierarchical pore structure to surface functional groups, heteroatom doping, and composition of Bd-CMs with other electrode materials, improving their electrochemical performance in sodium-ion batteries (SIBs), Li-S batteries, and supercapacitors
Summary
With the explosive growth of global economy and population, the energy consumption worldwide has attracted more and more attention [1]. Using biomass as a precursor, the electrode materials with a well-defined hierarchical porous structure formed by chemical activation can significantly enhance the storage sites and diffusion kinetics in SIBs, Li-S batteries, and supercapacitors. Surface functional groups could provide numerous electrochemical active sites, playing an important role in the surface-adsorption processes and reversible surface redox reactions, which compared with the ionintercalation reaction could facilitate more storage sites and faster ion diffusion, as well as smaller electrode structure damage This will be greatly beneficial for high reversible capacity and excellent rate performances [120,121,122,123]. The synthesized N-doped carbon at 600°C had smaller N content (4.12 wt%) than other (002)
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