Abstract
Oxidative modification of lipoproteins is implicated in the occurrence and development of atherosclerotic lesions. Earlier studies have elucidated on the mechanisms of foam cell formation and lipid accumulation in these lesions, which is mediated by scavenger receptor-mediated endocytosis of oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL). Mounting clinical evidence has supported the involvement of oxLDL in cardiovascular diseases. High-density lipoprotein (HDL) is known as anti-atherogenic; however, recent studies have shown circulating oxidized HDL (oxHDL) is related to cardiovascular diseases. A modified structure of oxLDL, which was increased in the plasma of patients with acute myocardial infarction, was characterized. It had two unique features: (1) a fraction of oxLDL accompanied oxHDL, and (2) apoA1 was heavily modified, while modification of apoB, and the accumulation of oxidized phosphatidylcholine (oxPC) and lysophosphatidylcholine (lysoPC) was less pronounced. When LDL and HDL were present at the same time, oxidized lipoproteins actively interacted with each other, and oxPC and lysoPC were transferred to another lipoprotein particle and enzymatically metabolized rapidly. This brief review provides a novel view on the dynamics of oxLDL and oxHDL in circulation.
Highlights
Atherosclerosis is a pathological condition in coronary arteries, aorta, and other vasculature, which leads to vascular events such as acute myocardial infarction (AMI)
enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) system using a monoclonal antibody (mAb) recognizing sulfoxide derivative of Met112 was reported [77]. Another mAb that recognized 2-hydroxy-Trp72 in apoA1 was utilized to detect modified apoA1 in human plasma and in arterial plaques [25]. These observations suggest that oxidized HDL (oxHDL) could be another biomarker for CVD, they seem to be confusing since High-density lipoprotein (HDL) plays a role as anti-atherogenic lipoprotein and oxHDL may be produced due to the scavenging of harmful oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL)
We could not successfully isolate oxLDL from human plasma using immunoprecipitation strategies; we found that the low-density lipoprotein (LDL)(−)
Summary
Atherosclerosis is a pathological condition in coronary arteries, aorta, and other vasculature, which leads to vascular events such as acute myocardial infarction (AMI). The other type of lesion is plaque erosion, called superficial erosion, and it is characterized by thickened intima enriched with glycosaminoglycans, a small amount of lipid accumulation, and few macrophages [2]. On the oxLDL set Background of atherosclerotic lesionHypothesis formation for three reasons It explains the correlation between plasma cholesterol and risk of of cardiovascular as suggested by Multiple factors contribute levels to the development atheroscleroticdisease, lesions, such as lowepidemiological. (LDL)-cholesterol levels, diabetes mellitus, uptake hypertension, oxidative explain the enhanced development of atherosclerosis in patients familial of hypercstress, and infectious diseases In addition to these conditions, oxidativewith modification lipoproteins has been a riskjuvenile factor for atherosclerosisdespite [5,6]. It is a challenging issue to elucidate on the structural and metabolic characteristics of in vivo oxLDL present in circulation
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