Abstract
We analyzed the manufacturing procedure, specifications, repair history, and details of celestial movements of the water-hammering type <TEX>$Honsang$</TEX> (celestial globe). Results from our study on the remaining <TEX>$Honsangs$</TEX> in China and Japan and on the reconstruction models in Korea were applied to our conceptual design of the water-hammering type <TEX>$Honsang$</TEX>. A <TEX>$Honui$</TEX> (armillary sphere) and <TEX>$Honsang$</TEX> using the water-hammering method were manufactured in <TEX>$Joseon$</TEX> in 1435 (the 17th year of King <TEX>$Sejong$</TEX>). <TEX>$Jang$</TEX> <TEX>$Yeong-Sil$</TEX> developed the <TEX>$Honsang$</TEX> system based on the water-operation method of <TEX>$Shui$</TEX> <TEX>$y{\ddot{u}}n$</TEX> <TEX>$i$</TEX> <TEX>$hsiang$</TEX> <TEX>$t'ai$</TEX> in China. Water-operation means driving water wheels using a water flow. The most important factor in this type of operation is the precision of the water clock and the control of the water wheel movement. The water-hammering type <TEX>$Honsang$</TEX> in <TEX>$Joseon$</TEX> probably adopted the <TEX>$Cheonhyeong$</TEX> (天衡; oriental escapement device) system of <TEX>$Shui$</TEX> <TEX>$y{\ddot{u}}n$</TEX> <TEX>$i$</TEX> <TEX>$hsiang$</TEX> <TEX>$t'ai$</TEX> in China and the overflow mechanism of <TEX>$Jagyeongnu$</TEX> (striking clepsydra) in <TEX>$Joseon$</TEX>, etc. In addition to the <TEX>$Cheonryun$</TEX> system, more gear instruments were needed to stage the rotation of the <TEX>$Honsang$</TEX> globe and the sun's movement. In this study, the water-hammering mechanism is analyzed in the structure of a water clock, a water wheel, the <TEX>$Cheonhyeong$</TEX> system, and the <TEX>$Giryun$</TEX> system, as an organically working operation mechanism. We expect that this study will serve as an essential basis for studies on <TEX>$Heumgyeonggaknu$</TEX>, the water-operating astronomical clock, and other astronomical clocks in the middle and latter parts of the <TEX>$Joseon$</TEX> dynasty.
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