Structure–activity relationships of a peptidic antagonist of Id1 studied by biosensor method, circular dichroism spectroscopy, and bioassay

Abstract

Id1 proteins, inhibitors of differentiation or DNA binding, act as dominant negative antagonists of the bHLH family of transcription factors, which play an important role in cellular development, proliferation, and differentiation. The mechanism of Id proteins is to antagonize bHLH proteins by forming high-affinity heterodimers with other bHLH proteins, thereby preventing them from binding to DNA and inhibiting transcription of differentiation-associated genes. Our goal is to study the SARs of a peptidic antagonist of Id1, peptide 3C, which exhibits high affinity for Id1 and inhibitory effect on the proliferation of cancer cells. A series of N-terminal- and C-terminal-deleted analogs of peptide 3C were designed, synthesized, and characterized. Affinity of each peptide for Id1 or Id1-HLH domain was determined by SPR-based biosensor. The secondary structure of each peptide was studied by CD spectroscopy. Biological effect of each peptide in breast cancer cell (MCF-7) was analyzed by the MTT cell viability assay. Results demonstrated that peptide 3C and peptide 3C-CtD4 exhibited higher affinity for Id1-HLH and the equilibrium dissociation constants (K(D) ) were 3.16 and 2.77 µM, respectively. CD results indicated that the percentage of α-helix (%) in the secondary structure of deleted peptides were different, ranging from 7.93 to 10.45%. Although MTT results showed that treatment of MCF-7 with these peptides did not cause antiproliferative effects in cancer cells, SPR results demonstrated that the high-affinity peptides 3C and 3C-CtD4 are promising for further modifications to enhance their affinity for Id1-HLH and antiproliferative effects in cancer cells and for the development of peptidic antagonists as anticancer agents.