Abstract
The aim of the present research was to validate German language versions of three inventories in high-risk sports to facilitate future research in the significant population of German speaking high-risk sports participants. We translated the Sensation Seeking, Emotion Regulation and Agency Scale (SEAS), the Risk-Taking Inventory and the Accidents and Close Calls in Sport Inventory into German, then tested the hypothesized factor structures with 719 high-risk sport participants from the European Alps using Bayesian structural equation modelling (BSEM). The final models were all good fits to the data, had good internal consistency and displayed adequate discriminant validity. All inventories displayed the same factor structure as in the English inventories bar the G‑SEAS After inventory in which a three-factor model fitted better than a two-factor model. Possible reasons for this difference include differences in the sample population, translation bias, or cross-cultural differences; however it seems likely that the nuanced approach of BSEM allowed this study to disentangle emotion regulation transfer from agency transfer after participating in high-risk sport where previous attempts using other methods have failed to. This will allow future research in high-risk sport to be conducted beyond English speaking populations and more significantly, facilitate the investigation of differences between the transfer effects of agency and emotion regulation.
Highlights
Breivik (1999, p. 10) defined high-risk sports as, “all sports where you have to reckon with the possibility of serious injury or death as an inherent part of the activity”
M Mean, SD Standard Deviation, CR Composite Reliabilities, 95% credibility intervals (CI) 95% Credibility Interval, G-SEAS German Sensation Seeking, Emotion Regulation and Agency Scale, G-ACCSI German Accidents and Close Calls in Sports Inventory, G-RTI German Risk-Taking Inventory **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001
Deliberate risktaking in the G-RTI correlated with the experience of Sensation Seeking in the G-SEAS as much as DRT in the RTI correlated with the Brief Sensation Seeking Scale (Hoyle, Stephenson, Palmgreen, Lorch, & Donohew, 2002) in the study by Barlow et al, (2015)
Summary
Breivik (1999, p. 10) defined high-risk sports as, “all sports where you have to reckon with the possibility of serious injury or death as an inherent part of the activity”. Risk-taking research has long been dominated by Zuckerman’s Sensation Seeking Theory (Zuckerman, 2008). The construct of Sensation Seeking was discussed as the major motive for starting and maintaining health-risk behaviors such as drug taking, gambling and participation in high-risk sports. 414) with risk-taking research (Llewellyn & Sanchez, 2008). Measuring motivation to engage in high-risk sports through the SSSV is biased. Many items of the Thrill and Adventure Seeking subscale of the SSSV relate to the willingness of the participants to engage in high-risk sports (e.g., mountain climbing); these items are somewhat tautological when assessing sensation seeking within a population of high-risk sports participants (Llewellyn & Sanchez, 2008)
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