Structural phase transition of the ion crystals embedded in an optical lattice

Abstract

The structural phase transition (SPT) occurring in trapped-ion systems is a typical many-body physics, and the SPT induced by the thermal effect represents a special thermodynamic phenomenon between traditional thermodynamics and quantum thermodynamics. We explore this thermal-effect-induced SPT by embedding trapped $^{40}\mathrm{Ca}^{+}$ ion crystals in an optical lattice, in which the ion crystals are confined by a surface-electrode trap and laser-cooled down to a temperature of several millikelvins. The considered thermal effect, leading to a temperature variation of tens of microkelvins in the SPT, comes completely from the optical lattice, which is independent of the laser irradiation regarding cooling of the ion crystals. In comparison with previous work [J. Li et al., Phys. Rev. A 99, 063402 (2019)], the present investigation helps to further clarify the effect of thermal fluctuation and further explore the positive role of the fluctuation in thermodynamics at the atomic level, even for potentially practical applications.