Abstract
The study is aimed to analyze the determinants of the effectiveness of SOPs in mass gatherings for containing COVID-19. The overall design of the study involves a literature review, data collection by field survey, structural modeling, and analysis. The study is built on the experts' opinion of a focus group (representing people who recently participated in and are responsible for mass gatherings). The study uses the discussion of the literature review to identify the determinants, interpretive structural modeling (ISM) for developing and analyzing a structural model, and Matrice d'Impacts Croises Multiplication Appliquée a un Classement (MICMAC) for corroboration of results of the ISM/classification of determinants. From the literature review, a list of determinants is generated and verified by a panel of experts. The results of the ISM revealed that the determinants “legal environment of the country,” “practicability of SOPs,” “perceived benefit of adapting SOPs,” and “possibilities of avoiding gathering” occupied the top of the model, therefore, they are less critical determinants, whereas “nature of gathering” occupied the bottom of the model, and is thus the most critical determinant. The remaining determinants form the middle of the model, and are therefore moderately severe. The results of MICMAC show that the determinant “perceived benefit of adapting SOPs” is dependent, “nature of gathering” is independent, and all others are linked. The results of MICMAC implicitly substantiate the findings of the ISM. The overall results of the study show that “nature of gathering” is the key determinant. This research does not require a priori theory since it is a theory-building study that uses an inductive approach. It is based on real data and it is useful for local authorities, organizers, participants (attendees/visitors) of mass gatherings, health officials/regulators, researchers, and the community at large. This study has fundamental importance for planning and preparing for such events while ensuring the minimum risk of COVID-19 transmission.
Highlights
COVID-19 has wrought havoc around the globe, with 200,840,180 confirmed infected cases and 4,265,903 confirmed deaths worldwide (World Health Organization, 2021)
The results of the literature review revealed that there are a total of 11 important determinants of the effective implementation of SOPs for containing COVID19 (Table 1)
The study aims to analyze the determinants of the effectiveness of SOPs in mass gatherings for containing COVID-19
Summary
COVID-19 has wrought havoc around the globe, with 200,840,180 confirmed infected cases and 4,265,903 confirmed deaths worldwide (World Health Organization, 2021). The objectives of the study are: (i) to identify the determinants of the effectiveness of the SOPs of containing COVID-19, (ii) to develop and analyze a structural model of the determinants, (iii) to corroborate the results of the structural model, and (iv) to classify the determinants For achieving these objectives, an array of methodologies was considered (Shaukat et al, 2021) and interpretive structural modeling (ISM) augmented with Matrice d’Impacts Croises Multiplication Appliquée a un Classement (MICMAC) was chosen as the methodology. The rest of this study is divided into the Literature Survey, the Methodology, the Modeling, Analysis, Results, and Discussion, and the Conclusion
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