Abstract
Aberration corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) and electron diffraction have been used to disclose local structure and nano-chemistry in a Ca modified BaTiO3-Bi(Mg0.5Ti0.5)O3 relaxor dielectric ceramic which exhibits high and near-invariant relative permittivity over a wide temperature range. High-resolution, synchrotron X-ray diffraction indicated a globally cubic structure (Pm3̅m), but direct atomic-scale imaging by STEM revealed local tetragonal distortions. Nanopolar clusters were identified from B-site atomic displacement vectors measured relative to oxygen ion positions along < 100 > and < 110 > zone axes of integrated differential phase contrast (iDPC) STEM images, highlighting cluster sizes of 2–5 nm. Chemical analysis by STEM-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and full pattern refinements of X-ray powder diffraction data each implied high levels of Bi vacancies within the matrix. The possibility that these A-site vacancies modulate the nanopolar structure and promote flattening of the permittivity-temperature response in this class of dielectric is discussed.
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