Structural insights into electric field induced polarization and strain responses inK0.5Na0.5NbO3modified morphotropic phase boundary compositions ofNa0.5Bi0.5TiO3-based lead-free piezoelectrics

Abstract

${\mathrm{K}}_{0.5}{\mathrm{Na}}_{0.5}\mathrm{Nb}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ (KNN)-modified morphotropic phase boundary (MPB) compositions of the two ${\mathrm{Na}}_{0.5}{\mathrm{Bi}}_{0.5}\mathrm{Ti}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$-based lead-free piezoelectrics, namely, $0.94{\mathrm{Na}}_{0.5}{\mathrm{Bi}}_{0.5}\mathrm{Ti}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}\text{\ensuremath{-}}0.06\mathrm{BaTi}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ (NBT-6BT) and $0.80{\mathrm{Na}}_{0.5}{\mathrm{Bi}}_{0.5}\mathrm{Ti}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}\text{\ensuremath{-}}0.20{\mathrm{K}}_{0.5}{\mathrm{Bi}}_{0.5}\mathrm{Ti}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ (NBT-20KBT) are model systems exhibiting large $(>0.4%)$ electric-field-driven strain. There is a general perception that (i) increasing KNN concentration monotonically weakens the direct piezoelectric response $({d}_{33})$, and (ii) maximum electrostrain occurs when KNN pushes the system in the fully ergodic relaxor state. We have examined these issues using various complementary techniques involving electrostrain, piezoelectric coefficient $({d}_{33})$, ferroelectric switching-current measurements, and field-driven structural studies on the global and local scales using laboratory and synchrotron x-ray diffraction, neutron powder diffraction, and ${\mathrm{Eu}}^{+3}$ photoluminescence techniques. Our investigations revealed the following important features: (i) In the low-concentration regime, KNN induces a tetragonal ferroelectric distortion, which improves the weak signal piezoresponse. (ii) Beyond a threshold concentration, in-phase octahedral tilt sets in and weakens the long-range ferroelectric order to partially stabilize an ergodic state. (iii) The maximum electrostrain (\ensuremath{\sim}0.6%) is achieved in the mixed (nonergodic + ergodic) state. (iv) The mixed state invariably exhibits a less-known phenomenon of field-driven ferroelectric-to-relaxor transformation during bipolar field cycling. (v) The enhanced electrostrain in the mixed state is associated with the electric field increasing the correlation lengths of the short-ranged tetragonal and rhombohedral ferroelectric regions without overall transformation of one phase to the other. We summarize the findings of this work in a comprehensive electric field composition (E-x) phase diagram. The findings reported here are likely to be true for other NBT-based MPB systems.