Abstract
Drought is one of the major threats to the maize yield especially in subtropical production systems. Understanding the genes and regulatory mechanisms of drought tolerance is important to sustain the yield. Transcription factors (TFs) play a major role in gene regulation under drought stress. In the present study, a set of 15 major TF families comprising 1,436 genes was structurally and functionally characterized. The functional annotation indicated that the genes were involved in ABA signaling, ROS scavenging, photosynthesis, stomatal regulation, and sucrose metabolism. Duplication was identified as the primary force in divergence and expansion of TF families. Phylogenetic relationship was developed for individual TF and combined TF families. Phylogenetic analysis clustered the genes into specific and mixed groups. Gene structure analysis revealed that more number of genes were intron-rich as compared to intron-less. Drought-responsive cis-regulatory elements such as ABREA, ABREB, DRE1, and DRECRTCOREAT have been identified. Expression and interaction analyses identified leaf-specific bZIP TF, GRMZM2G140355, as a potential contributor toward drought tolerance in maize. Protein-protein interaction network of 269 drought-responsive genes belonging to different TFs has been provided. The information generated on structural and functional characteristics, expression, and interaction of the drought-related TF families will be useful to decipher the drought tolerance mechanisms and to breed drought-tolerant genotypes in maize.
Highlights
Maize serves as a model system for genetic studies from simple inheritance, physical linkage, cytological crossing over, and recombination analyses to modern epigenetic silencing, genome imprinting, and transposition (Bennetzen and Hake, 2009)
Major drought-related Transcription factors (TFs) families have been selected on the basis of their role in drought tolerance in maize and in different species revealed by literature and in-house experiments (Thirunavukkarasu et al, 2014; Mittal et al, 2017; Van Gioi et al, 2017)
TFs play a key role in the regulation of drought tolerance in crop plants
Summary
Maize serves as a model system for genetic studies from simple inheritance, physical linkage, cytological crossing over, and recombination analyses to modern epigenetic silencing, genome imprinting, and transposition (Bennetzen and Hake, 2009). Maize production is considerably affected by many biotic and abiotic stresses, drought is the major one (Leach et al, 2011). Being a water-intensive field crop, shortage of water severely limits the productivity of maize. The stress manifests through several symptoms, including increased leaf senescence and smaller leaves. Cellular damage and impaired carbon fixation during drought lead to imbalanced carbon assimilation and yield reduction (Hall et al, 1981). Drought is a serious threat to food security in all maize production systems
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