Structural Foundations Manual for Low-Rise Buildings

Abstract

Preface. Examples. Site investigations. Walk-over survey. Desk study. Site investigation: field work. Trial pit logs. Borehole record. Site investigation procedure. Borehold logs. Trial pit logs. Groundwater. Standard penetration tests. Interpretation of laboratory testing. Chemical tests. Solution features. Limestones. Chalk. Salt. Gypsum. Case study 1.1: investigation of former mining site, Sheffield. Bibliography. Foundation design. Introduction. Width of footing. Soft spots. Stratum variation in excavation. Firm clays overlying soft strata. Depth of footings. Widened reinforced strip footings. Reinforced strip footings on replacement granular fill. Trench fill foundations. Raft foundations. Pad and pier foundation. Disused wells. Piled foundations. Bored piles. Design of a bored pile. Design of bored and driven piles. Driven piles. Driving pre-cast piles. Test loading. Bibliography. Foundations in cohesive soils. Introduction. Settlements in cohesive soils. Consolidation settlement. Bearing capacity of cohesive soils. Vertical stress distribution. Construction problems on clay sites. Foundation designs on clay soils. Settlements in clay soils. Moisture movements. Liquid limit test. Plastic limit test. Bibliography. Foundations in sands and gravels. Classification of sands and gravels. Composite sands and gravels. Dilatant sands. Calcareous sands. Relative densities of granular soils. Field density assessment. Visual observations. Groundwater levels. The standard penetration test. Interpretation of SPT results. Ultimate bearing capacities. Construction problems in granular soils. Foundation design in granular soils. Plate bearing tests. Piling into sands and gravel strata. Bored piles. Continuous flight auger piles. Design of bored piles. Set calculations. Dynamic pile formula. Re-drive tests. Base-driven steel tube piles. Top-driven steel piles. Bibliography. Building in mining localities. Coal mining, past and present. Coal shafts. Shallow mineworkings. Drilling investigations. Stabilising old workings. Collapsed workings. Special conditions. Foundations in areas with shallow workings. Active mining. Future mining. Mitigating the effects of mining subsidence. Longwall mining (advancing system). Designing buildings for future mining subsidence. CLASP system of construction. Mining rafts. Irregular-shaped units. Designing strip footings in active mining areas. Movement joints. Bibliography. Sites with trees. Foundation design. Building on wooded sites. Piled foundations. Trench-fill concrete foundations. Deep strip footings with loose backfill. Raft foundations on a thick cushion of granular fill. Precautions to take when there is evidence of clay desiccation. Suspended floors. Drainable and services. Protection to drainage. Foundations in granular strata overlying shrinkable clays. Bibliography. Developing on sloping sites. Stability of slopes. Case study 7.1: sl