Structural Effects of the Local Anesthetic Bupivacaine Hydrochloride on the Human Erythrocyte Membrane and Molecular Models

Abstract

ABSTRACT The interaction of the local anesthetic bupivacaine with the human erythrocyte membrane and molecular models is described. The latter consisted of isolated unsealed human erythrocyte membranes (IUM), large unilamellar vesicles (LUV) of dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine (DMPC), and phospholipid multilayers built-up of DMPC and dimyristoylphosphatidylethanolamine (DMPE), representatives of phospholipid classes located in the outer and inner monolayers of the human erythrocyte membrane, respectively. Optical and scanning electron microscopy revealed that bupivacaine induced erythrocyte spheroechinocytosis. According to the bilayer couple hypothesis, this result implied that bupivacaine inserted in the outer monolayer of the erythrocyte membrane. Experiments performed on IUM and DMPC LUV by fluorescence spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction on DMPC and DMPE multilayers confirmed this result. Changes in the molecular organization of membranes alter lipid–protein interactions and induce functional perturbation of membrane proteins such as Na + channels. Since local anesthetics may control the influx of Na + into the human erythrocyte, in order to relate the structural perturbations induced by bupivacaine in these systems to Na + transport, the interaction of this anesthetic with isolated toad skin was also studied. Electrophysiological measurements indicated a significant decrease in the potential difference and in the short-circuit current of the skin after the application of the anesthetic, reflecting inhibition of the active transport of ions. These results suggest that bupivacaine-induced conformational changes of the lipid molecules alter the lipid–protein boundaries of the outer moiety of the erythrocyte membrane, thus interfering with the function of neighboring sodium channels.