Abstract
Cyclic peptides are cyclic compounds formed mainly by the amide bonds between either proteinogenic or non-proteinogenic amino acids. This review highlights the occurrence, structures and biological activities of fungal cyclic peptides (excluding cyclodipeptides, and peptides containing ester bonds in the core ring) reported until August 2017. About 293 cyclic peptides belonging to the groups of cyclic tri-, tetra-, penta-, hexa-, hepta-, octa-, nona-, deca-, undeca-, dodeca-, tetradeca-, and octadecapeptides as well as cyclic peptides containing ether bonds in the core ring have been isolated from fungi. They were mainly isolated from the genera Aspergillus, Penicillium, Fusarium, Acremonium and Amanita. Some of them were screened to have antimicrobial, antiviral, cytotoxic, phytotoxic, insecticidal, nematicidal, immunosuppressive and enzyme-inhibitory activities to show their potential applications. Some fungal cyclic peptides such as the echinocandins, pneumocandins and cyclosporin A have been developed as pharmaceuticals.
Highlights
Cyclic peptides are cyclic compounds formed mainly by proteinogenic or non-proteinogenic amino acids joined together by amide bonds
We describe the occurrence, biological activities, structures, and potential applications of the fungal cyclic peptides and their analogs, with the exception of cyclodipeptides, which were previously reviewed [15]
Twenty-six cyclosporin analogs were identified in fungi. They belong to the cyclic undecapeptide. Undecapeptides group, and their distributions, biological activities and structures are shown in Table 9 and Figure 9, Twenty-six cyclosporin analogs were identified in fungi
Summary
Cyclic peptides ( called cyclopeptides) are cyclic compounds formed mainly by proteinogenic or non-proteinogenic amino acids joined together by amide bonds (or peptide bonds). Cyclic peptides have been isolated from plants [1], fungi [2], bacteria (including actinomycetes) [3], sponges [4], algae [5,6], and mammals [7] Among these organisms, fungi are well-known producers of a diversity of cyclic peptides with interesting structures and biological activities [8]. Interest in cyclic peptides is due to their significant biological activities, such as antimicrobial, insecticidal, cytotoxic, and anticancer activities, in addition to their important physiological and ecological functions. They have the potential to be developed as pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals [9]. The cyclic peptides containing at least one ether bond in the core ring were considered as a special group and included in this review
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