Abstract
Layered LiNi0.4Mn0.4Co0.18Ti0.02O2 cathode powders were ball-milled for various lengths of time. The structural properties of the pristine and milled powders, which have different particle sizes were examined with X-ray diffraction, soft X-ray absorption spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy to determine the effect of milling on structure. Electrochemical testing in half-cells was also carried out and shows that milling plays an important role in the performance of these cathode materials; as milling time increases, there is a decrease in initial discharge capacity. The first cycle irreversible capacity also increases for milled samples, as does capacity loss upon cycling under some regimes.The electrochemical degradation is strongly correlated with damage to the lamellar structure of cathode particles induced by milling, and lithium carbonate formation.
Highlights
Layered oxides such as LiNi0.4Mn0.4Co0.2O2[1,2] are currently the most promising cathode materials for lithium ion batteries intended for vehicular applications, due to the reduced cobalt content, lower cost, and increased safety compared to LiCoO2 (LCO)
The beneficial effect of smaller particle sizes has been shown using various cathode materials such as LiNi0.50Mn0.50O2, LiNi0.33Mn0.33Co0.33O2, and LiNi0.40Mn0.40Co0.20O2.11,12 smaller particle size is usually associated with high surface area, which may cause higher capacity loss due to faster ageing and side reactions within the cell,[13] as has been found with nano-sized LiCoO2 used as the cathode material for high power applications.[14,15]
The electrochemical performance of NMCs depends on details of the preparation and synthesis conditions, which can result in a wide range of powder properties and electrochemical properties
Summary
Layered oxides such as LiNi0.4Mn0.4Co0.2O2 (abbreviated NMC)[1,2] are currently the most promising cathode materials for lithium ion batteries intended for vehicular applications, due to the reduced cobalt content, lower cost, and increased safety compared to LiCoO2 (LCO). The cell with NMC cathode material ball milled for three hours shows an obvious voltage plateau at 4.5 V, when charged to 4.7 V (Figure 1).
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