Abstract
BackgroundJujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.) fruit is one of the largest productions in China and its increasing production has drawn considerable attention from researchers. Polysaccharide is one of the most abundant components of jujube, and it represents a major group of biolotegically active constituents. This study intended to investigate the special structure of a homogeneous acidic polysaccharide (PZMP4) produced from Ziziphus Jujuba cv. Muzao fruit using novel methods, including DEAE-Sepharose Fast Flow and Sephacryl S-300 column chromatography.ResultsThe structure of PZMP4 was determined via high-performance gel permeation chromatography (HPGPC), gas chromatography (GC), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), methylation analysis, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The results reveal that PZMP4 with a molecular weight of 27.90 kDa was composed of rhamnose, arabinose, mannose, glucose, galactose, and galacturonic acid at a ratio of 2.32:2.21:0.22:0.88:2.08:8.83. Advanced structural analysis revealed a netted structure with molecular aggregates of PZMP4. Structural features demonstrated that the basic backbone of PZMP4 appeared to mainly consist of (1→4)-linked GalpA with three branches bonded to O-3 of (1→3)-linked Araf, (1→2)-linked Rhap, and terminated with GalpA.ConclusionsPZMP4’s unique structure could imply distinct bioactivities and have considerable utilization in functional food.Graphic abstract
Highlights
Jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.) fruit is one of the largest productions in China and its increasing production has drawn considerable attention from researchers
The results indicated that rhamnose, arabinose, and galacturonic acid accounted for the majority of the total polysaccharide content
According to the monosaccharide composition of PZMP4, combined with the results of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), gas chromatography (GC)– MS, 1D and 2D nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) analyses, it was determined that PZMP4 was mainly composed of →4)-GalpA-(1→ backbone, with a branching point at the O-3 position consisting of Araf, Rhap, and GalpA residues
Summary
Jujube, (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.), a member of the family Rhamnaceae, is widely used as a medicinal herb. The Z. jujuba fruit is nutrient-dense, with carbohydrates accounting for the majority (55–85%). Of the various functional components in Z. jujuba fruit, polysaccharide is especially important because of its bioactivities and large cellular concentrations. It is mainly composed of different ratios of monosaccharides and glycosidic bonds [5]. Our research efforts have contributed to a better understanding of the structural basis of jujube polysaccharides [7,8,9] In this present study, an acidic polysaccharide (PZMP4) was isolated from Ziziphus Jujuba cv. Muzao and characterized by HPGPC, GC, AFM, SEM, NMR spectroscopy, FT-IR spectroscopy, and methylation analysis
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