Abstract
Benzoxazinoids (BX) are major secondary metabolites of gramineous plants that play an important role in disease resistance and allelopathy. They also have many other unique properties including anti-bacterial and anti-fungal activity, and the ability to reduce alfa–amylase activity. The biosynthesis and modification of BX are controlled by the genes Bx1 ÷ Bx10, GT and glu, and the majority of these Bx genes have been mapped in maize, wheat and rye. However, the genetic basis of BX biosynthesis remains largely uncharacterized apart from some data from maize and wheat. The aim of this study was to isolate, sequence and characterize five genes (ScBx1, ScBx2, ScBx3, ScBx4 and ScBx5) encoding enzymes involved in the synthesis of DIBOA, an important defense compound of rye. Using a modified 3D procedure of BAC library screening, seven BAC clones containing all of the ScBx genes were isolated and sequenced. Bioinformatic analyses of the resulting contigs were used to examine the structure and other features of these genes, including their promoters, introns and 3’UTRs. Comparative analysis showed that the ScBx genes are similar to those of other Poaceae species, especially to the TaBx genes. The polymorphisms present both in the coding sequences and non-coding regions of ScBx in relation to other Bx genes are predicted to have an impact on the expression, structure and properties of the encoded proteins.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s13353-015-0271-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Highlights
Communicated by: Andrzej GórnyElectronic supplementary material The online version of this article contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users
Benzoxazinoids (BX) are major secondary metabolites of gramineous plants that play an important role in disease resistance and allelopathy
DIBOA-Glc is the final product of BX biosynthesis in wild Hordeum species and several other species of Poaceae (Frey et al 2009)
Summary
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s13353-015-0271-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. DIBOA-Glc is the final product of BX biosynthesis in wild Hordeum species and several other species of Poaceae (Frey et al 2009). This compound has been detected in leaf and root extracts of rye (Zasada et al 2007; Meyer et al 2009). The Bx6 and Bx7, encoding enzymes that catalyze the sequential 7-hydroxylation and 7-O-methylation of DIBOA-Glc to DIMBOA-Glc, have been identified in maize, but not in wheat or rye, the same reactions probably occur in these cereals (Frey et al 2009; Sue et al 2011). The aims of this study were to examine the sequences of the full-length rye ScBx1 ÷ ScBx5 genes in order to characterize their exons, introns, UTRs and promoters, to compare their structures with Bx genes from other species, and to predict their likely role based on promoter analysis
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