Abstract
Severe freeze–thaw conditions occurred in the autumn and spring of 1968–72 at the Prairie Farm Rehabilitation Administration Tree Nursery, Indian Head, Saskatchewan, coinciding with the cell maturation and cambial activity of 1-yr-old Caragana arborescens Lamb. seedlings. Frost cankers and girdling occurred at ground level. Damaged segments of the stem increased in radial diameter to form swelling which bridged the cankers after the second growing season. The tissues of these swellings consisted of branched, composite, and short vascular elements and abundant ray parenchymatous cells. Persistent basal swellings sprout buds and suckers and minimize chances of recovery and survival of 2-yr-old seedling transplants. Clustered suckers change the form of the tree.
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