Structural analysis of how podocytes detach from the glomerular basement membrane under hypertrophic stress.

Wilhelm Kriz,Sigrid Rã¶Sener,Rã¼Diger Waldherr,Brunhilde Hã¤Hnel,Hiltraud Hosser

doi:10.3389/fendo.2014.00207

Abstract

Podocytes are lost by detachment from the GBM as viable cells; details are largely unknown. We studied this process in the rat after growth stimulation with FGF-2. Endothelial and mesangial cells responded by hyperplasia, podocytes underwent hypertrophy, but, in the long run, developed various changes that could either be interpreted showing progressing stages in detachment from the GBM or stages leading to a tighter attachment by foot process effacement (FPE). This occurred in microdomains within the same podocyte; thus, features of detachment and of reinforced attachment may simultaneously be found in the same podocyte. (1) Initially, hypertrophied podocytes underwent cell body attenuation and formed large pseudocysts, i.e., expansions of the subpodocyte space. (2) Podocytes entered the process of FPE starting with the retraction of foot processes (FPs) and the replacement of the slit diaphragm by occluding junctions, thereby sealing the filtration slits. Successful completion of this process led to broad attachments of podocyte cell bodies to the GBM. (3) Failure of sealing the slits led to gaps of varying width between retracting FPs facilitating the outflow of the filtrate from the GBM. (4) Since those gaps are frequently overarched by broadened primary processes, the drainage of the filtrate into the Bowman’s space may be hindered leading to the formation of small pseudocysts associated with bare areas of GBM. (5) The merging of pseudocysts created a system of communicating chambers through which the filtrate has to pass to reach Bowman’s space. Multiple flow resistances in series likely generated an expansile force on podocytes contributing to detachment. (6) Such a situation appears to proceed to complete disconnection generally of a group of podocytes owing to the junctional connections between them. (7) Since such groups of detaching podocytes generally make contact to parietal cells, they start the formation of tuft adhesions to Bowman’s capsule.

Highlights

Podocyte loss underlies the progression of glomerular diseases to end-stage renal failure, both in human beings [1] and in experimental animal models [2]
Successful completion of this process led to broad attachments of podocyte cell bodies to the glomerular basement membrane (GBM). [3] Failure of sealing the slits led to gaps of varying width between retracting foot process (FP) facilitating the outflow of the filtrate from the GBM. [4] Since those gaps are frequently overarched by broadened primary processes, the drainage of the filtrate into the Bowman’s space may be hindered leading to the formation of small pseudocysts associated with bare areas of GBM. [5] The merging of pseudocysts created a system of communicating chambers through which the filtrate has to pass to reach Bowman’s space
This leads to the conclusion that detachment as viable cells is the major mechanism of podocyte loss and that the major causes of podocyte loss are likely to be mechanical forces challenging the attachment of podocytes to the GBM [6]

Summary

Introduction

Podocyte loss underlies the progression of glomerular diseases to end-stage renal failure, both in human beings [1] and in experimental animal models [2]. Necrosis of podocytes has rarely been shown and if it occurs, it is mostly in cells already detached from the GBM. Viable podocytes in the urine have been found in several glomerular diseases [3, 4] and podocytes appearing to be viable detaching from the GBM in huge numbers were shown by TEM in various. This leads to the conclusion that detachment as viable cells is the major mechanism of podocyte loss and that the major causes of podocyte loss are likely to be mechanical forces challenging the attachment of podocytes to the GBM [6]

Methods

Results

Discussion

Conclusion