Strongylocentrotus drobachiensis oocytes maintain a microtubule organizing center throughout oogenesis: Implications for the establishment of egg polarity in sea urchins

Abstract

Although it has been known for over a century that sea urchin eggs are polarized cells, very little is known about the mechanism responsible for establishing and maintaining polarity. Our previous studies of microtubule organization during sea urchin oogenesis described a cortical microtubule-organizing center (MTOC) present during germinal vesicle (GV) migration in large oocytes. This MTOC was localized within the future animal pole of the mature egg. In this study we have used electron microscopy and immunocytochemistry to characterize the structure of this MTOC and have established that this organelle appears prior to GV migration. We show that the cortical MTOC contains all the components of a centrosome, including a pair of centrioles. Although a centrosome proper was not found in small oocytes, the centriole pair in these cells was always found in association with a striated rootlet, a structural remnant of the flagellar apparatus present in precursor germinal cells (PGCs). The centrioles/striated rootlet complex was asymmetrically localized to the side of the oocyte closest to the gonadal wall. These data are consistent with the previously proposed hypothesis that in echinoderms the polarity of the PGCs in the germinal epithelium influences the final polarity of the mature egg.